Принцип коеволюції в контексті ноосферної концепції В.Вернадського

Досліджується принцип коеволюції людини та природи в контексті ноосферного вчення В.Вернадського. Аналізуються особливості світогляду суспільства ноосферної цивілізації.Исследуется принцип коэволюции человека и природы в контексте ноосферного учения В.Вернадского. Анализуются особенности мировоззрения общества ноосферной цивилизации.The principle of coevolution of person and nature is investigated in the context of noospherian doctrine of V.Vernadsky. The particularities of world view оf society of noospherian civilization are analyzed

Estimating the proportion of clinical mastitis attributable to subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle using two multivariable statistical approaches

The aim of this study was to quantify the proportion of first bovine CM cases attributable to high composite somatic cell counts (CSCC). Cows were followed from the first CSCC measurement postpartum until CM or censoring, using survival analysis. A conditional logistic regression model was also fitted to the data with CM cows being matched to cows without CM. Both models identified high CSCC cows to have a higher risk for subsequent CM cases than low CSCC cows. The population attributable fraction was 0.22 for primiparae and 0.17 for multiparae according to the logistic regression model, while it was 0.25 in the survival analysis. The latter approach also identified that the proportion of cows without CM would increase from 89% to 93%. Both multivariable statistical approaches showed that a substantial reduction in CM can be achieved by decreasing the prevalence of high CSCC in the dairy population

Farm-level risk factors associated with bovine tuberculosis in the dairy sector in Eritrea

The aim of our study was to determine the association of selected potential risk factors with the presence of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) in dairy herds in Eritrea. A case–control study was conducted in the three major milk-producing regions of the country by stratified random sampling of 61 case and 65 control herds combined with completion of a standardized pretested questionnaire pertaining 36 relevant risk factors (variables). The variables were divided into two clusters, based on potential association with either “introduction” or “establishment” of BTB on the farms to elucidate association with incident or prevalent cases separately. Subsequent to univariable analysis of the 36 risk factors at herd level, 14 of these were offered to multivariable logistic regression models. Farms with higher numbers of cows, and those with concrete floors, were 3.6, and 7.5 times more at risk for presence of BTB, respectively, compared with their references. These findings will be useful as entry points for future informed decision-making towards BTB control and eradication programme in the country.Netherlands Organization for International Cooperation in Higher Education.http://wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/tbedam2018Veterinary Tropical Disease

Prevalence and demographic risk factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) based on serological assays

To address putative TB statuses of elephants and to identify and quantify potential demographic risk factors for TB, three ELISAs specific for different mycobacterial antigens (ESAT6, CFP10, MPB83) and the TB Stat-Pak assay were used as surrogate serological markers for TB infection in elephants. In view of the low number of animals of which the infected status could be confirmed (4 out of 708) Latent Class Analyses of TB serology test outcomes was used to predict the putative TB status of each of 708 elephants as positive (17.3%), inconclusive (48.7%), or negative (34%) when assessed on a population basis. Correlation between test performance of the individual assays was high between the ELISAs, but low with that of the TB Stat-Pak assay. Risk factors, assessed based on cut off values for each of the ELISAs determined by ROC analysis, included sex, BCS, age, working time, feed type, management system, camp size and region. Old age elephants were more likely to show a positive TB serology test outcome, than younger ones. Elephants working 7 h per day and the ones in good condition BCS (7–11) were less likely to be positive in TB serology testing. In addition, fewer animals in the large camp size (31–50 elephants) were found to be positive in ELISA tests, compared to elephants in the other camp sizes. In this study, the North region had the lowest percentages of elephants with positive TB test outcome, the West region and to a lesser extend the other regions showed clearly higher percentages of positive animals. Even though assays used in the present study have not been validated yet, results obtained showed promise as diagnostic or screening tests. For the diagnosis of animals suspected to be infected, the ELISA tests, once further optimized for the individual antigens, can be used in parallel. For screening of complete camps for presence or absence of infection, a single optimized ELISA test can be utilized.Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiangmai Universityhttps://www.frontiersin.org/journals/veterinary-science#am2022Veterinary Tropical Disease

Immune response profiles of calves following vaccination with live BCG and inactivated Mycobacterium bovis vaccine candidates

Conventional control and eradication strategies for bovine tuberculosis (BTB) face tremendous difficulties in developing countries; countries with wildlife reservoirs, a complex wildlifelivestock- human interface or a lack of veterinary and veterinary public health surveillance. Vaccination of cattle and other species might in some cases provide the only suitable control strategy for BTB, while in others it may supplement existing test-and-slaughter schemes. However, the use of live BCG has several limitations and the global rise of HIV/AIDS infections has furthermore warranted the exploration of inactivated vaccine preparations. The aim of this study was to compare the immune response profiles in response to parenteral vaccination with live BCG and two inactivated vaccine candidates in cattle. Twenty-four mixed breed calves (Bos taurus) aged 4±6 months, were allocated to one of four groups and vaccinated sub-cutaneously with live M. bovis BCG (Danish 1331), formalin- inactivated M. bovis BCG, heat-killed M. bovis or PBS/Montanide™ (control). Interferon- γ responsiveness and antibody production were measured prior to vaccination and at weekly intervals thereafter for twelve weeks. At nine weeks post-priming, animals were skin tested using tuberculins and MTBC specific protein cocktails and subsequently challenged through intranodular injection of live M. bovis BCG. The animals in the heat-killed M. bovis group demonstrated strong and sustained cellmediated and humoral immune responses, significantly higher than the control group in response to vaccination, which may indicate a protective immune profile. Animals in this group showed reactivity to the skin test reagents, confirming good vaccine take. Lastly, although not statistically significant, recovery of BCG after challenge was lowest in the heatkilled M. bovis group. In conclusion, the parenteral heat-killed M. bovis vaccine proved to be clearly immunogenic in cattle in the present study, urging further evaluation of the vaccine in challenge studies using virulent M. bovis and assessment of vaccine efficacy in field conditions.S1 Fig. Conventional PCR for the detection ofMycobacterium bovis. PCR targeting RD1, RD4 and RD9 as previously described. PCR products of +- 268bp (RD4 absent), +- 196bp (RD1 absent) and +- 108bp (RD9 absent) indicate M. bovis BCG. Animals 18, 21 and 31 belong to group 1 (live M. bovis BCG), animals 2, 6, 7, 16 and 29 belong to group 2 (formalin-inactivated M. bovis BCG), animals 8, 9, 10, 11 and 26 belong to group 3 (heat-killed M. bovis) and animals 12 and 15 belong to group 4 (control). R = right prescapular lymph node.S1 Dataset. Tables containing the raw data of the immunological assays. (A) BOVIGAM assay. OD-values for all stimulations and controls. (B) IDEXX TB ELISA. OD-values for the samples and controls as well as S/P-ratio. (C) Skin test. Skin fold thickness measurements at 0hrs, 72hrs and the difference (Δmm) in mm. Avian = PPD-A; Bovine = PPD-B; PC1 = protein cocktail 1; PC2 = protein cocktail 2. (D) Culture. Weights (g) and bacterial counts (CFU/g of PLN) of left and right PLNs.S2 Dataset. Tables describing the statistical models and their outcomes. (A) Linear mixed effects models describing PPD-B and the ratios of PPD-B/PPD-A and PPD-B/PPD-F. Outcome = a + b1 time + b2 group + b3 (time group). Data were log transformed in order to meet the model assumptions of normality and homoscedasticity. Back-transformed estimates and 95% confidence intervals are given. Significant results are in bold. (B) Linear mixed effects models describing ESAT-6 and CFP-10. Outcome = a + b1 time + b2 group + b3 (time group). Data were log transformed in order to meet the model assumptions of normality and homoscedasticity. Back-transformed estimates and 95% confidence are given. Significant results are in bold. (C) Linear mixed effects model describing the S/P ratio. Outcome = a + b1 time + b2 group + b3 (time group). Data were log transformed in order to meet the model assumptions of normality and homoscedasticity. Back-transformed estimates and 95% confidence intervals are given. Significant results are in bold. (D) Double generalized linear model describing ΔPPDBÐΔPPDA in the skin test. Outcome = a + b1 group. Estimates and 95% confidence intervals are given. Significant results are in bold. (E) A simple general linear model describing ΔPC1 and ΔPC2. Outcome = a + b1 group. Estimates and 95% confidence intervals are given. Significant results are in bold. (F) Linear mixed effects model describing the PLN weights. Outcome = a + b1 LN side + b2 group + b3 (LN side group) + b4 gender. Data (PLN weights) were log transformed in order to meet the model assumptions of normality and homoscedasticity. Estimates and 95% confidence intervals are given. Significant results are in bold. (G) Negative binomial generalized linear model describing the bacterial counts. Outcome = a + b1 group. Back-transformed estimates and 95% confidence intervals are given. Significant results are in bold.This work was supported by NWO- WOTRO Science for Global Development (grant W01.65.321.00) to VR & AL (https://www.nwo.nl/ en/about-nwo/organisation/nwo-domains/wotro), and NWO-WOTRO funding was used towards all experimental costs, including purchase of animals, consumables, test kits etc.; The Institutional Research Theme of the University of Pretoria on Animal Zoonotic Disease and the Third Framework Agreement Programme (FA3-III) through the Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium to VR & AL (https://www.itg.be), and IRT funding was used towards all experimental costs, including purchase of animals, consumables, test kits etc.; MINECO and FEDER Plan Nacional (grant AGL2014-56305) to CG (http://www.idi.mineco. gob.es/portal/site/MICINN/menuitem.26172fcf 4eb029fa6ec7da6901432ea0/?vgnextoid=4d 494d861a299210VgnVCM1000001d04140a RCRD), and MINECO & FEDER funding was used towards coordination among IREC members; and the Erasmus Mundus Action 2 EUROSA scholarship to EvdH (https://www.uantwerpen.be/ en/projects/eurosa/), and EUROSA funding was used towards the stipendium of EvdH.http://www.plosone.orgam2018Veterinary Tropical Disease

Effect of sensor systems for cow management on milk production, somatic cell count and reproduction

To improve management on dairy herds, sensor systems have been developed that can measure physiological, behavioral, and production indicators on individual cows. It is not known whether using sensor systems also improves measures of health and production in dairy herds. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of using sensor systems on measures of health and production in dairy herds. Data of 414 Dutch dairy farms with (n=152) and without (n=262) sensor systems were available. For these herds, information on milk production per cow, days to first service, first calving age, and somatic cell count (SCC) was provided for the years 2003 to 2013. Moreover, year of investment in sensor systems was available. For every farm year, we determined whether that year was before or after the year of investment in sensor systems on farms with an automatic milking system (AMS) or a conventional milking system (CMS), or whether it was a year on a farm that never invested in sensor systems. Separate statistical analyses were performed to determine the effect of sensor systems for mastitis detection (color, SCC, electrical conductivity, and lactate dehydrogenase sensors), estrus detection for dairy cows, estrus detection for young stock, and other sensor systems (weighing platform, rumination time sensor, fat and protein sensor, temperature sensor, milk temperature sensor, urea sensor, ß-hydroxybutyrate sensor, and other sensor systems). The AMS farms had a higher average SCC (by 12,000cells/mL) after sensor investment, and CMS farms with a mastitis detection system had a lower average SCC (by 10,000cells/mL) in the years after sensor investment. Having sensor systems was associated with a higher average production per cow on AMS farms, and with a lower average production per cow on CMS farms in the years after investment. The most likely reason for this lower milk production after investment was that on 96% of CMS farms, the sensor system investment occurred together with another major change at the farm, such as a new barn or a new milking system. Most likely, these other changes had led to a decrease in milk production that could not be compensated for by the use of sensor systems. Having estrus detection sensor systems did not improve reproduction performance. Labor reduction was an important reason for investing in sensor systems. Therefore, economic benefits from investments in sensor systems can be expected more from the reduction in labor costs than from improvements in measures of health and production in dairy herds

The evaluation of the effect of probiotics on the healing of equine distal limb wounds

The effect of dressings saturated with either a standardized suspension of probiotic bacteria or saline on healing of traumatic distal limb wounds in horses was evaluated for 24 days, and the systemic inflammatory effect was assessed. The wounds were divided in two groups based on the phase of healing: wounds with an incomplete (ICGB) or a complete granulation bed (CGB). The wound area was expressed as percentage of the wound area at day 0 and defined as relative wound area. The mean relative wound area decreased faster in probiotic than saline treated wounds. The difference was most obvious in CGB and increased rapidly from day 0 until day 12 up to 30%, and stabilized around 25% thereafter until the end of the observation period, but it was not statistically significant because of the large variation within the treatment groups. The mean wound area of CGB decreased to 28.4% (range: 6.3 to 49.3) with probiotic and to 51.9% (range: 29.3 to 81.7) with saline treatment at day 24. Additionally, the rate to 50% healing in CGB was 3.4 faster with probiotic compared to saline treatment, whereas in ICGB this was 1.9 faster. Topical probiotics did not increase serum amyloid A and white blood cell counts. Although the mentioned differences were not statistically significant, the clinical relevance of the effect of treatment with probiotics in CGB wounds is clear, supported by the differences in mean wound area in course of time and the time required to reach 50% healing (day 12 for probiotic vs more than day 24 for saline treated wounds). Thus the probiotic treated wounds reached 50% reduction in wound area in half of the time of the saline treated wounds. The topical use of probiotics can be considered as safe as it did not cause a systemic effect

Rate of Foot-and mouth Disease Virus Transmission by Carriers Quantified from Experimental Data

Upon infection with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) a considerable number of animals become carriers of the virus. These carriers are considered to be a risk for new outbreaks, but the rate at which these animals can transmit the infection has not been quantified. An analysis was carried out using data from previously published experiments in order to quantify the transmission rate parameter ß of FMDV infection from carriers to susceptible animals. The parameter ß was estimated at 0.0256 (likelihood-based confidence interval: 0.008¿0.059) infections per carrier per month. Moreover, analysis of published experimental data indicates that the proportion of FMDV carriers decreases at a rate of 0.115 per month. Both parameters obtained from this study are useful for quantitative risk analyses of the trade of animals from FMDV-infected areas or the lifting of vaccination programs