Classical and Emerging Regulatory Mechanisms of Cytokinesis in Animal Cells

The primary goal of cytokinesis is to produce two daughter cells, each having a full set of chromosomes. To achieve this, cells assemble a dynamic structure between segregated sister chromatids called the contractile ring, which is made up of filamentous actin, myosin-II, and other regulatory proteins. Constriction of the actomyosin ring generates a cleavage furrow that divides the cytoplasm to produce two daughter cells. Decades of research have identified key regulators and underlying molecular mechanisms; however, many fundamental questions remain unanswered and are still being actively investigated. This review summarizes the key findings, computational modeling, and recent advances in understanding of the molecular mechanisms that control the formation of the cleavage furrow and cytokinesi

Effect of ethanolic extract of Vitex negundo leaves on experimentally induced inflammatory bowel disease in albino rats

Background: Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD) are collectively known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Pathophysiology of IBD is not known with certainty. Immunological processes and reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been proposed to contribute considerably to development of tissue injury. Some of the intestinal and/or colonic injury and dysfunction observed in IBD is due to elaboration of these reactive species. Commonly used drugs, in particular sulfasalazine and its active moiety 5-aminosalicylic acid, are potent ROS scavengers. The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of ethanolic extract of Vitex negundo (EEVN) leaves on experimentally induced inflammatory bowel disease in albino rats.Methods: The rats were divided into four groups of six animals each. Group A and group B received gum acacia per orally, group C received EEVN in dose of 500 mg/kg/day per orally, and group D received 5-amino salicylic acid (5-ASA) in the dose of 100 mg/kg/day per orally. All the animals were pre-treated with respective drugs (volume of drugs was kept constant at 10 ml/kg) for five days, along with the normal diet. On fifth day animals were kept fasting for 12 hours (overnight) and IBD was induced next morning in Groups B, C and D by administration of one ml of 4% acetic acid solution transrectally (TR). Group A (normal control) received 0.9% normal saline transrectally (TR) instead.Results: The results have been shown that EEVN has significant activity against experimentally induced IBD when compared to the experimental control, with near normalization of colon architecture both macroscopically as well as microscopically. Tissue oxidative stress was reduced with significant improvement in tissue levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Also, significant improvement in levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO) was observed.Conclusions: It is concluded that ethanolic extract of leaves of Vitex negundo has got potent activity against experimentally induced IBD due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties

Analysis and Process for Uninteresting Time Compensators with Smith Predictor and Virtual Sensor

Dead time is often present in control systems as computational or informational delay but in most cases it is very small and is neglected. Dead time is widely found in the process industries when transporting materials or energy. Generally stable processes are represented by first-order-plus-dead-time or second order- plus-dead-time models for analysis. In this paper analysis of secure processes with dead time is done. Here PI controller and Smith Predictor & virtual sensor are used as dead time compensators but virtual sensor eliminates the technology-related dead-time and makes the control of dead-time processes possible without high development costs and at the end of paper we will be compare the effectiveness of both

A study on drug utilization pattern of antihypertensive drugs in hypertensive diabetic patients

Background: Hypertension management is of paramount importance in diabetic patients for reduction of cardiovascular and other complications. The objective of the present study was to assess prescribing pattern of antihypertensive drugs in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients and evaluate them by comparing with Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC-8) hypertension treatment guidelines.Methods: A prospective observational study was carried out on 110 hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients of age 41-80 years visiting outpatient department of Medicine at G.S. Medical College and Hospital, UP, India for 4 months. JNC-8 hypertension management guideline was considered while evaluating the prescribed drugs. All the relevant data was collected from the prescription card of the patient on a preformed performa and analyzed using descriptive statistics.Results: Total of 176 drugs was prescribed to the study patients among which two drug combination therapy (55.45%) was mostly used. The most common group prescribed was angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) (29.45%) and ARB+CCB (calcium channel blockers) (34.92%) were the commonest fixed drug combination. Overall, it was amlodipine (21.47%) that was most frequently prescribed among all antihypertensive drugs.Conclusions: ARB was the most commonest class, ARB+CCB was the most frequent fixed drug combination prescribed to the study patient while amlodipine was the highly utilized individual antihypertensive drug in the study. Prescriptions evaluation revealed that 94.88% prescription were rational and were in accordance with the JNC-8 hypertension treatment guidelines except the use of beta blockers (5.12%)

Microtubule plus-ends act as physical signaling hubs to activate RhoA during cytokinesis

Microtubules (MTs) are essential for cleavage furrow positioning during cytokinesis, but the mechanisms by which MT-derived signals spatially define regions of cortical contractility are unresolved. In this study cytokinesis regulators visualized in Drosophila melanogaster (Dm) cells were found to localize to and track MT plus-ends during cytokinesis. The RhoA GEF Pebble (Dm ECT2) did not evidently tip-track, but rather localized rapidly to cortical sites contacted by MT plus-tips, resulting in RhoA activation and enrichment of myosin-regulatory light chain. The MT plus-end localization of centralspindlin was compromised following EB1 depletion, which resulted in a higher incidence of cytokinesis failure. Centralspindlin plus-tip localization depended on the C-terminus and a putative EB1-interaction motif (hxxPTxh) in RacGAP50C. We propose that MT plus-end-associated centralspindlin recruits a cortical pool of Dm ECT2 upon physical contact to activate RhoA and to trigger localized contractility

Application of Multi Criteria Decision Making tools in Selection of Concrete Mix

Nowadays decision making plays a major role in deciding the execution of any task. For this purpose, two widely known key tools are available to us. These include AHP as well as TOPSIS, both falls under MCDM tools. These techniques are now also brought in the field of civil engineering. Both techniques are used to analyze the results with the help of comparative data studies related to different concrete mixes. The study includes the analysis of results of compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexure strength and then validate the results obtained with AHP and TOPSIS techniques. These techniques will help in identification of best to worst concrete mix

Application of Multi Criteria Decision Making tools in Selection of Concrete Mix

304-309Now a day decision making plays a major role in deciding the execution of any task. Two key tools are available to serve the purpose of decision-making. These include AHP as well as TOPSIS, both falls under Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) tools. These techniques are now also brought in the field of civil engineering. MCDM techniques are used in various applications of civil engineering. This paper presents comparison of AHP and TOPSIS for making final decisions for the best concrete mix with fibres of steel and basalt available with different proportions. The comparison is made on the tests of split tensile strength, compressive strength and flexure results. Results of the experiment are used to validate results of AHP and TOPSIS. Optimum hybrid mixes for mechanical properties is M-S0.5-B0 at 28 days

Global lockdown: An effective safeguard in responding to the threat of COVID-19

Rationale, aims, and objectives: The recent outbreak of coronavirus (COVID-19) has infected around 1,560,000 individuals till 10th April 2020, which has resulted in 95,000 deaths globally. While no vaccine or anti-viral drugs for COVID-19 are available, lockdown acts as a protective public health measures to reduce human interaction and lower transmission. The study aims to explore the impact of delayed planning or lack of planning for the lockdown and inadequate implementation of the lockdown, on the transmission rate of COVID-19. Method: Epidemiological data on the incidence and mortality of COVID-19 cases as reported by public health authorities were accessed from six countries based on total number of infected cases, viz., (United States of America (USA) and Italy (more than 100,000 cases); United Kingdom (UK), and France (50,000 to 100,000 cases), and India and Russia (6,000 to 10,000 cases).The Bayesian inferential technique was used to observe the changes (three points) in pattern of number of cases on different duration of exposure (in days)in these selected countries one month after WHO declaration about COVID-19 as a global pandemic. Results: On comparing the pattern of transmission rates observed in these six countries at posterior estimated change points, it is found that partial implementation of lockdown (in the USA), delayed planning in lockdown (Russia, UK and France), and inadequate implementation of the lockdown (in India and Italy) were responsible to the spread of infections. Conclusions: In order to control the spreading of COVID-19, like other national and international laws, lockdown must be implemented and enforced. It is suggested that on-time or adequate implementation of lockdown is a step towards social distancing and to control the spread of this pandemic