A review of wound healing activity on different wound models

Wound is an injury of living tissue or break in the epithelial integrity of the upper layer of skin. This may lead to disturbance of skin anatomical structure and their function. The normal wounds start to heal immediately after an injury. Normal healing process involved: inflammatory phase, proliferation phase and maturation phase. Now a day wound healing is a challenging clinical problem. So, necessity of effective wound management is required. The various screening models play important role to understand the basic process of tissue repair and treatment of wounds. Wide varieties of in-vitro, ex-vivo and in-vivo models have been developed for evaluation of wound healing activity. The in-vitro models includes Chick chorioallantoic membrane assay, Fibroblast assay, Collagen assay, Scratch assay, Endothelial cell in vitro tube formation assay, Keratinocytes assay. Ex-vivo models includes organotypic culture, human ex vivo skin culture, porcine model, Human organotypic skin explanted culture and the  in-vivo models includes Excision wound model, Incision wound Model, Burn wound model, Dead space wound model.The aim of this review article is detailed study of different types of in-vitro, ex-vivo and in-vivo models for evaluation of wound healing activity

Interpretation of Biochemical Tests for Iron Metabolism in Hyperthyroidism

Objective: Several studies suggest that thyroid hormones may affect erythropoiesis. However the mechanism by which thyroid hormones alter the ferritin concentration is not well known. Therefore, the present case-control study was designed to determine the changes due to hyperthyroidism in serum ferritin, iron and transferrin levels and to investigate the inter-relationship between these parameters.Material: This study was conducted on 50 newly diagnosed hyperthyroid patients and the results were compared with 50 age and sex matched healthy controls. Serum ferritin was assessed by two site sandwich immunoassay using direct chemiluminometric technology. TIBC and serum iron were estimated by colorimetric method.Results: Serum ferritin (314.43 ± 68.7 ng/mL) and iron concentration (159.88 ± 36.28 µg/dL) were found to be increased in hyperthyroid patients as compared to healthy controls (255.23 ± 45.5 ng/mL and 110.52 ± 20.52 µg/dL respectively). There was a significant difference between hyperthyroid patients and healthy controls in serum levels of ferritin and iron (p0.05 for both). Serum ferritin and iron were correlated significantly positive with thyroid parameters while a significant negative correlation was found with transferrin.Conclusion: Our data suggest that alterations in thyroid status in a given individual produce significant changes in serum ferritin, iron and transferrin levels. Increased ferritin levels seem to be protective against increased oxidative stress seen in hyperthyroidism but these also increase atherosclerotic risk. However, a large scale study is recommended to establish the fact

Hysterectomy: still a treatment of choice for pelvic pathologies in rural India

Background: Hysterectomy has always been a subject of controversy in India and increasing rate of unnecessary hysterectomies in young, premenopausal women is cause for concern regarding women’s health and rights. The aim of this study is to review and analyse cases of hysterectomy in a rural population and to correlate with underlying factors behind seeking hysterectomy as a treatment of choice for pelvic pathologies.Methods: This was an ambidirectional observational descriptive study in which 352 women were included who underwent hysterectomy between January 2016 to July 2017 in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Government Medical College Rajnandgaon and a tertiary care referral hospital of central Chhattisgarh, India.Results: Majority were between 31-50 years of age group, grandmultipara, uneducated, insured by National health insurance scheme.76.1% patients had attended medical college hospital to avail free services. 60.5% took prior treatment from unqualified/ unregistered/registered general practitioners. Erratic use /use of suboptimal dosage of hormones to stop abnormal uterine bleeding, nonspecific antibiotics to treat infection, incomplete treatment and poor compliance were possible reasons behind failure of previous treatments. Abnormal menstruation was the commonest presenting complaint observed in 75.2%. 72.4% patients refused to come for follow up and reasons were unavailability of transport facility, fear of losing job, loss of daily wages and financial constraints. Commonest indication for hysterectomy was symptomatic fibroid in 32.0%. Total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy was the most common procedure done in 59.0%. The rate of hysterectomy came out to be 57.6% which is quite higher than that reported in other studies. Fever was the most common complication encountered in 0.80%.Conclusions: Despite the remarkable improvement in conservative management and media coverage, hysterectomy still remains the most preferred modality of treatment with excellent satisfaction for pelvic pathologies in rural India

Autopsy: a value to primordial and primary prevention for lung diseases

Background: Lung disorders spectrums include congestion, oedema, various inflammatory lesions, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases and neoplastic lesions. The clinical and radiological findings in respiratory diseases are nonspecific and therefore a histopathological study is essential. Autopsies are necessary to establish cause of death of the person with help of antemortem history and investigations to rule out lung lesions. Aims and objectives were to identify the histopathological spectrum of lung disease and frequency of various lung pathologies in respect to age and sex.Methods: The retrospective study of 285 lung autopsy specimens received were fixed and processed. Routine paraffin sectioning was done followed by hematoxylene and eosin (H and E) staining. Relevant clinical and postmortem findings, gross and microscopic examination findings were recorded.Results: Most common lung pathology found was Edema and congestion in 149 cases (52.2%), pneumonia in 87 cases (30.5%) followed by tuberculosis in 33 cases (11.5%). Out of total 285 cases, 222 (77.9%) were males and 63 cases (22.2%) were females. The male to female ratio was 3.5:1. Maximum numbers of cases, in age group of 31-45 years were 108 cases (37.89%) followed by in age group 46-60 years were 90 cases (31.57%) followed by age group of 16-30 years 15.8%.Conclusions: Advances in diagnostic technology have not reduced the value of autopsy for the study and evaluation of the disease process. It has become crucial for adopting correct prophylactic actions for primordial and primary prevention of pulmonary dysfunctions

Blastoid Variant of Mantle Cell Lymphoma-a Rare Case Report

Abstract Mantle cell lymphoma is now recognised as a rare but distinct entity in the revised WHO classification. It is now well recognised that MCL represent a broad spectrum of different histopathological subtypes. The term blastic or blastoid variant is generally used to describe cases with a homogeneous population of cells displaying lymphoblastic morphology. The blastic form of MCL may be difficult to diagnose however immunophenotyping and molecular analysis show typical mantle cell lymphoma pattern. We present a case of 30 year old male presenting with inguinal mass which was diagnosed as blastic transformation of mantle cell lymphoma based on routine histopathology and immunohistochemistry

Anti-Urolithiatic Activity of Cassia Auriculata Ethanolic Seed Extract in Wistar Rats

Background: Urolithiasis is a medical condition that, despite substantial research in the field of urology, has yet to find a cure within the allopathic medical approach. The process of stone development, known as nephrolithiasis, can occur within the kidney or any segment of the urinary tract, encompassing the ureters and bladder. Material and Methods: The seeds of Cassia auriculata (Linn.) were obtained in June 2021 from Mettukadai hamlet, located in the Erode District of Tamilnadu, India. The herbarium of the plant was meticulously assembled, verified, and afterwards deposited as a voucher specimen. The voucher specimen was retained within the college premises for future reference. Results: The current investigation involved conducting a preliminary phytochemical analysis on the ethanolic seed extract of Cassia auriculata Linn. The research revealed the existence of many phytochemical constituents, including Alkaloids, Flavanoids, Carbohydrate, Sterols, Phytosterols, Phenols, Terpenoids, Amino acids, and Anthraquinones. The acute toxicity experiments revealed that rats exhibited tolerance to a maximum dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight, and no discernible alterations in behavior were detected across all experimental groups. Hence, fractions equivalent to one-fourth and one-eighth of the maximum tolerated dose of 200 mg/kg body weight were selected for subsequent investigations. Conclusion: In summary, the findings suggest that the application of an ethanolic seed extract derived from Cassia auriculata Linn effectively decreased the progression of urinary stone formation. Additionally, it appears that the efficacy of the treatment impact surpasses that of its preventative counterpart

Comparative Evaluation of the Complementary and Alternative Medicine Therapy and Conventional Therapy Use for Musculoskeletal Disorders Management and Its Association with Job Satisfaction among Dentists of West India

ABSTRACTMusculoskeletal problems have become a significant issue in the profession of dentistry. There are currently no recommended effective disease-preventing and modifying remedies. High prevalence rates for musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among dentists have been reported in the literature. Complementary and alternative medicine can be helpful in managing and preventing the MSDs. The purpose of this study was to determine if dentists in the western part of India are using complementary and alternative medicine therapies for MSDs, and also to find if those who use complementary and alternative medicine therapies have greater job/career satisfaction compared to conventional therapy (CT) users. Dentists of western India registered under the Dental Council of India (N=2166) were recruited for the study. Data were analyzed using univariate and bivariate analyses and logistic regression. A response rate of 73% (n=1581) was obtained, of which 79% (n=1249) was suffering from MSDs. The use of complementary and alternative medicine or CT was reported by 90% (n=1124) of dentists with MSDs. Dentists using complementary and alternative medicine reported greater health (P<0.001) and carrier satisfaction (P<0.001) and were able to work as many hours they wanted (P<0.001) compared to CT users. Complementary and alternative medicine therapies may improve the quality of life and enhance job satisfaction for a dentist who suffers from MSDs

Yoga of Immortals Intervention Reduces Symptoms of Depression, Insomnia and Anxiety

Background: Depression, anxiety, and disordered sleep are some common symptoms associated with sub-optimal mental health. During the COVID-19 pandemic, mental health issues have grown increasingly more prevalent in the population. Due to social distancing and other limitations during the pandemic, there is a need for home-based, flexible interventions that can improve mental health. The Yoga of Immortals (YOI) mobile application provides a structured intervention that can be used on any mobile device and applied from the user's home.Methods: A total of 1,505 participants were enrolled in the study and used the YOI app for an 8-week period. Participants were asked to fill out three questionnaires: The Patient Health Questionnaire, 8 items (PHQ-8), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder questionnaire (GAD-7) and the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). These three items were completed by 1,297 participants a total of four times: before starting YOI, two more times during use, and a fourth time after the 8-week usage period. Changes in PHQ8, GAD7 and ISI in participants were compared to a control group, who did not use the YOI app but completed all questionnaires (590 controls finished all questionnaires).Results: Participants reported significant decreases in depression and anxiety-related symptoms. Compared to baseline, PHQ-8 scores decreased 50% on average after the 8-week period. GAD-7 scores also decreased by 40–50% on average, and ISI scores decreased by 50%. These changes were significantly greater (p &lt; 0.05) than that observed in the control group. Participants who reported a previous diagnosis of depression and generalized anxiety reported significantly larger decreases in PHQ-8 and GAD-7 as compared to participants with no prior diagnosis (p &lt; 0.05).Conclusions: Regular use of the YOI intervention over an 8-week period led to significant decreases in symptoms of both depression and anxiety, as well as alleviation of insomnia

Evaluation of exfoliative cytology in the diagnosis of oral premalignant and malignant lesions: A cytomorphometric analysis

Background: Many oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) arise within regions that previously had premalignant lesion. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment of premalignant lesions offers the best hope of improving the prognosis in patients with OSCC. Exfoliative cytology is a simple and non-invasive diagnostic technique that could be used for early detection of oral premalignant and malignant lesions. This study was undertaken to evaluate the quantitative changes in nuclear area (NA), cytoplasmic area (CA) and nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio (NA/CA) in cytological buccal smears of oral leukoplakia with dysplasia (OLD) and OSCC patients while comparing with normal healthy mucosa. Materials and Methods: A quantitative study was conducted over 90 subjects including 30 cases each of OLD, OSCC and clinically normal oral mucosa. The smears obtained were stained with Papanicolaou (PAP) stain and cytomorphological assessment of the keratinocytes was carried out. The statistical tools included arithmetic mean, standard deviation, Chi-square test, analysis of variance, Tukey multiple comparison. P < 0.001 was considered as significant. Results: The mean NA of keratinocytes in the normal mucosa was 65.47 ± 4.77 μm 2 while for OLD it was 107.97 ± 5.44 μm 2 and 139.02 ± 8.10 μm 2 for that of OSCC. The differences show a statistically significant increment in NA (P < 0.001). There was significant reduction (P < 0.001) in the CA of keratinocytes from OSCC when compared with those from smears of OLD and normal mucosa with the values of 1535.80 ± 79.38 μm 2 , 1078.51 ± 56.65 μm 2 and 769.70 ± 38.77 μm 2 respectively. The NA/CA ratio in the smears from normal oral mucosa, OLD and OSCC showed a mean value of 0.043 ± 0.004, 0.100 ± 0.008, 0.181 ± 0.015 respectively with a significant difference among the groups (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Evaluation of nuclear and CA of keratinocytes by cytomorphometry can serve as a useful adjunct in the diagnosis and prognosis of a dysplastic lesion which may lead to OSCC