The magnetic field of Mars estimated from the data of plasma measurements by Soviet artificial satellites of Mars

The dimensions of the obstacle forming the shock wave of Mars are estimated by use of electron trap data from Mars 2, 3, and 5. The mean altitude of the obstacle at the subsolar point can be convincingly explained if the obstacle is the magnetosphere of Mars. On the assumption that Mars has its own dipole magnetic field, the magnetic moment of Mars is estimated, Mm approximately equal to 2 x 10 to the twenty second power gs x cubic cu

Magnetic field and plasma inside and outside of the Martian magnetosphere

Simultaneous magnetic and plasma measurements, carried out by wide angle plasma detectors in the Mars environment, are compared in order to identify regions with significantly different physical properties. Magnetograms and ion spectra indicate changes in the magnetopause and magnetosphere of Mars that are associated with the dynamic pressure effect of the solar wind

Detection of a new “chemical” boundary at comet Halley

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/95342/1/grl3208.pd

When and how are lies told? And the role of culture and intentions in intelligence‐gathering interviews

Purpose: Lie‐tellers tend to tell embedded lies within interviews. In the context of intelligence‐gathering interviews, human sources may disclose information about multiple events, some of which may be false. In two studies, we examined when lie‐tellers from low‐ and high‐context cultures start reporting false events in interviews and to what extent they provide a similar amount of detail for the false and truthful events. Study 1 focused on lie‐tellers' intentions, and Study 2 focused on their actual responses. Methods: Participants were asked to think of one false event and three truthful events. Study 1 (N = 100) was an online study in which participants responded to a questionnaire about where they would position the false event when interviewed and they rated the amount of detail they would provide for the events. Study 2 (N = 126) was an experimental study that involved interviewing participants about the events. Results: Although there was no clear preference for lie position, participants seemed to report the false event at the end rather than at the beginning of the interview. Also, participants provided a similar amount of detail across events. Results on intentions (Study 1) partially overlapped with results on actual responses (Study 2). No differences emerged between low‐ and high‐context cultures. Conclusions: This research is a first step towards understanding verbal cues that assist investigative practitioners in saving their cognitive and time resources when detecting deception regardless of interviewees' cultural background. More research on similar cues is encouraged

Linking Adult Reproduction and Larval Density of Invasive Carp in a Large River

Identifying how temporal variation in the environment affects reproductive success of invasive alien species will aid in predicting future establishment and tracking dynamics of established populations. Asian carp Hypophthalmichthys spp. have become a nuisance in recent years in the Mississippi River basin. Their populations are apparently expanding, indicating favorable conditions for reproduction. During 2004 and 2005, we quantified mean density of Asian carp larvae, mean monthly gonadosomatic index (GSI) of adult males and females, and number of eggs within mature females in the lower Illinois River, a major tributary of the Mississippi River. A flood (water velocity ≥ 0.7 m/s) and drought (\u3c0.2 m/s) occurred during apparent spawning in 2004 and 2005, respectively. During 2004, Asian carp larvae were found during 32% of sampling weeks; mean GSI and fecundity were relatively low for adults, probably reflecting partially spawned individuals and perhaps low reproductive investment. During the drought of 2005, larval stages were present during only one (5%) of the sampling weeks, whereas mean GSI and fecundity of adults were high through summer. Females resorbed their eggs instead of spawning during this year. Spawning conditions during low water periods appear to be unsuitable for Asian carps, inhibiting adult spawning and yielding few larvae. Spawning conditions during 2004 were better but still yielded low densities of larvae relative to native fishes. Reproduction in the lower Illinois River appears to be linked to river flow and its impact on adult spawning decisions, but conditions for strong year-class production (i.e., high larval densities) may be rarer than previously expected

Q-FACTOR OF AN OPEN RESONATOR FOR A COMPACT SOFT X-RAY SOURCE BASED ON THOMSON SCATTERING OF STIMULATED COHERENT DIFFRACTION RADIATION

Abstract High-brightness and reliable sources in the VUV and the soft X-ray region may be used for numerous applications in such areas as medicine, biology, biochemistry, material science, etc. We have proposed a new approach to produce the intense beams of X-rays in the range of 500 ω ≤ eV based on Thomson scattering of Coherent Diffraction Radiation (CDR) on a 43 MeV electron beam. CDR is generated when a bunch of charged particles moves in the vicinity of an obstacle if a radiation wavelength is comparable to or longer than the bunch length. In our case the CDR is generated by bunches passing through holes in two mirrors formed an open resonator. In this report the status of the experiment, the first CDR measurements at the multibunch beam of the LUCX facility and general resonator tuning procedure will be reported

Movement and Habitat Selection by Invasive Asian Carps in a Large River

We evaluated the habitat use and movements of 50 adult bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis and 50 silver carp H. molitrix by means of ultrasonic telemetry during spring–summer 2004 and 2005 to gain insight into the conditions that facilitate their establishment, persistence, and dispersal in the lower Illinois River (river kilometer 0–130). Movement and habitat use were monitored with stationary receivers and boat-mounted tracking. The relative availability of four macrohabitat categories (main channel, island side channel, channel border, and connected backwater) was quantified to determine selection; discriminant function analysis was used to evaluate changes in physical characteristics within each category. A flood pulse occurred in spring through early summer of 2004 but not 2005. Movement rates (km/week) of both species were positively correlated with flow but not with temperature. Including data from stationary receivers greatly increased estimates of daily movement. During low summer flow, both species typically selected channel borders and avoided the main channel and backwaters. Both species rarely occupied depths over 4 m, regardless of abiotic conditions. Flood pulses appear to trigger dispersal, while habitat use is only specific during low summer flow. Thus, movement prevention efforts (e.g., dispersal barriers) will require particular vigilance during late-winter or spring flooding, and controlled removal (e.g., harvest) should be directed toward selected habitats during summer