Sublethal salinity stress contributes to habitat limitation in an endangered estuarine fish.

As global change alters multiple environmental conditions, predicting species' responses can be challenging without understanding how each environmental factor influences organismal performance. Approaches quantifying mechanistic relationships can greatly complement correlative field data, strengthening our abilities to forecast global change impacts. Substantial salinity increases are projected in the San Francisco Estuary, California, due to anthropogenic water diversion and climatic changes, where the critically endangered delta smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus) largely occurs in a low-salinity zone (LSZ), despite their ability to tolerate a much broader salinity range. In this study, we combined molecular and organismal measures to quantify the physiological mechanisms and sublethal responses involved in coping with salinity changes. Delta smelt utilize a suite of conserved molecular mechanisms to rapidly adjust their osmoregulatory physiology in response to salinity changes in estuarine environments. However, these responses can be energetically expensive, and delta smelt body condition was reduced at high salinities. Thus, acclimating to salinities outside the LSZ could impose energetic costs that constrain delta smelt's ability to exploit these habitats. By integrating data across biological levels, we provide key insight into the mechanistic relationships contributing to phenotypic plasticity and distribution limitations and advance the understanding of the molecular osmoregulatory responses in nonmodel estuarine fishes

Larval green and white sturgeon swimming performance in relation to water-diversion flows

Little is known of the swimming capacities of larval sturgeons, despite global population declines in many species due in part to fragmentation of their spawning and rearing habitats by man-made water-diversion structures. Larval green (Acipenser medirostris) and white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) inhabit the highly altered Sacramento–San Joaquin watershed, making them logical species to examine vulnerability to entrainment by altered water flows. The risk of larval sturgeon entrainment is influenced by the ontogeny of swimming capacity and dispersal timing and their interactions with water-diversion structure operations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe and compare the ontogeny and allometry of larval green and white sturgeon swimming capacities until completion of metamorphosis into juveniles. Despite the faster growth rates and eventual larger size of larval white sturgeon, green sturgeon critical swimming velocities remained consistently, though modestly, greater than those of white sturgeon throughout the larval life stage. Although behavioural interactions with water-diversion structures are also important considerations, regarding swimming capacity, Sacramento–San Joaquin sturgeons are most vulnerable to entrainment in February–May, when white sturgeon early larvae are in the middle Sacramento River, and April–May, when green sturgeon early larvae are in the upper river. Green sturgeon migrating downstream to the estuary and bays in October–November are also susceptible to entrainment due to their movements combined with seasonal declines in their swimming capacity. An additional inter-species comparison of the allometric relationship between critical swimming velocities and total length with several sturgeon species found throughout the world suggests a similar ontogeny of swimming capacity with growth. Therefore, although dispersal and behaviour differ among river systems and sturgeon species, similar recommendations are applicable for managers seeking to balance water demands with restoration and conservation of sturgeons worldwide

Oxygen supply in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and its ecological impacts : an investigation of poor triploid performance

Acquisition of environmental O₂ and its delivery throughout the body is essential for vertebrates and dictates habitat, life style, variation in anatomical form and function and even survival. Triploid (3N) rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), which are important to the $0.5 billion British Columbia sport fishing industry, provide an informative model organism to study corporeal O₂ supply limitations and associated effects on survival in the wild. Triploid O₂ supply limitations likely stem from enlarged cells and contribute to poor 3N tolerance of sub-optimal conditions, which, in turn, may lead to high 3N population-level mortality rates in nature. Therefore, in order to test the hypotheses that corporeal O₂ supply limits aerobic performance of 3N rainbow trout and that aerobic performance, in turn, limits survival in the wild, I compared the cardiorespiratory physiology of diploid (2N) and 3N Blackwater River rainbow trout facing a high temperature challenge in the lab and survival in the wild. I then investigated the potential of a 3N cardiac O₂ supply deficiency, using a modified Krogh diffusion model, and discussed its significance to temperature tolerance, endurance swimming and survival in the wild. Both of my hypotheses were supported. A slower increase in 3N heart rate with warming suggested reduced O₂ convection through the body of 3N fish at high temperatures. Relating these results and endurance swimming rank with survival and habitat utilization in lakes revealed thermal tolerance and aerobic capacity as important variables influencing lake survival. The Krogh model showed 3N relative to 2N cardiac O₂ supply limitations that were primarily driven by reduced 3N arterial O₂ content, which I showed not to be caused by reduced 3N haemoglobin - O₂ affinity. In supporting the 2 main hypotheses of my thesis, this theoretically predicted 3N cardiac O₂ supply deficiency may explain reduced 3N aerobic swimming capacity and heart rate response to warming. Thus, my findings are consistent with corporeal O₂ supply limitations to high temperature tolerance and aerobic swimming capacity of 3N rainbow trout, both of which can limit survival in the wild, depending on the biotic and abiotic conditions and physiological state of the organism.Science, Faculty ofZoology, Department ofGraduat

High thermal tolerance of a rainbow trout population near its southern range limit suggests local thermal adjustment.

Transformation of earth's ecosystems by anthropogenic climate change is predicted for the 21st century. In many regions, the associated increase in environmental temperatures and reduced precipitation will have direct effects on the physiological performance of terrestrial and aquatic ectotherms and have already threatened fish biodiversity and important fisheries. The threat of elevated environmental temperatures is particularly salient for members of the Oncorhynchus genus living in California, which is the southern limit of their range. Here, we report the first assessments of the aerobic capacity of a Californian population of wild Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum in relationship to water temperature. Our field measurements revealed that wild O. mykiss from the lower Tuolumne River, California maintained 95% of their peak aerobic scope across an impressive temperature range (17.8-24.6°C). The thermal range for peak performance corresponds to local high river temperatures, but represents an unusually high temperature tolerance compared with conspecifics and congeneric species from northern latitudes. This high thermal tolerance suggests that O. mykiss at the southern limit of their indigenous distribution may be locally adjusted relative to more northern populations. From fisheries management and conservation perspectives, these findings challenge the use of a single thermal criterion to regulate the habitat of the O. mykiss species along the entirety of its distribution range

Effects of feed restriction on the upper temperature tolerance and heat shock response in juvenile green and white sturgeon.

The objective of the current study was to investigate the effects of feed restriction on whole-organism upper thermal tolerance and the heat shock response of green and white sturgeon to determine how changes in food amount might influence physiological performance of each species when faced with temperature stress. Two parallel feed restriction trials were carried out for juvenile green (202g; 222-day post hatch: dph) and white sturgeon (205g; 197-dph) to manipulate nutritional status at 12.5%, 25%, 50%, or 100% of optimum feeding rate (100% OFR were 1.6% and 1.8% body weight/day, respectively) for four weeks. Following the trials, the critical thermal maximum (CTMax, 0.3°C/min) of sturgeon (N=12/treatment/species) was assessed as an indicator of whole-organism upper thermal tolerance. To assess temperature sensitivity, sturgeon (N=9/treatment/species) were acutely transferred to two temperature treatments (28°C and 18°C as a handling control) for 2h followed by 2h of recovery at 18°C before being sacrificed, and gill, brain, and mucus sampled for measurements of 70-kDa heat shock protein levels (Hsc/Hsp70). Feeding rate had species-specific effects on CTMax in green and white sturgeon such that CTMax of green sturgeon decreased as the magnitude of feed restriction increased; whereas, CTMax of white sturgeon did not change with feed restriction. Elevated temperature (28°C) and feed restriction increased Hsc/Hsp70 levels in the gill tissue of green sturgeon, while heat shock increased Hsc/Hsp70 levels in the mucus of white sturgeon. Our results suggest that green sturgeon may be more susceptible to temperature stress under food-limited conditions