Formation à l’interculturalité en contexte de coopération internationale : une perspective communicationnelle

Cet article porte sur la formation à l'interculturalité. Cette formation doit développer la compétence à la communication interculturelle des personnes plutôt que leur fournir des connaissances sur l'autre culture. La démarche proposée ici s'appuie sur une vue dialogique et pragmatique de la communication où celle-ci apparaît comme une coaction. Une stratégie plurielle présentée dans un contexte de coopération internationale aborde différents registres de la relation : la relation de soi à la réalité extérieure, la relation de soi à l'autre et la relation de soi à soi. Elle vise à développer chez les partenaires les attitudes requises à la coaction et au partenariat.This article describes training in intercultural relations. The objective of this training is to develop competence in intercultural communication rather than to simply provide knowledge of the other's culture. The approach proposed is based on dialogue and on a pragmatic view of communication seen as a co-operative action. A multiple strategy which is presented in the context of international cooperation aims to develop various registers of the relationship : the relation of self to the external reality, the relation of self to others, and the relation of self to one's own self. The aim is to develop those attitudes necessary for co-operative action and partnership.El articulo trata de la formacion a la interculturidad en un marco de cooperacion internacional. Esta formacion debe desarrollar la competencia a la comunicacion intercultural de las personas mas bien que de proveer conocimientos sobre la otra cultura. La présente propuesta se apoya sobre un punto de vista dialogico y pragmatico de la comunicacion, en donde esta aparece fundamentalmente como una coaccion. Una estrategia pluralista presentada en un contexto de cooperacion internacional encara diferentes registros de la relaciôn : la relaciôn de si mismo con la realidad, la relaciôn de si mismo con el otro y la interrelaciôn consigo mismo. Esta estrategia busca desarrollar, entre los diferentes actores, actitudes que favorezcan la coaccion y la cooperacion.Dieser Beitrag befasst sich mit der Erziehung zur Interkulturalität. Diese Erziehung hat zum Ziel, eine interkulturelle Kommunikationskompetenz zwischen Individuen zu entwickeln, anstatt Kenntisse uber die andere Kultur zu vermitteln. Der hier vorgeschlagene Weg geht von einem pragmatischen Dialogkonzept der Kommunikation aus, welche als gemeinsame Handlung verstanden wird. Eine im Kontext internationaler Kooperation entwickelte plurale Strategie enthàlt verschiedene Beziehungsregister: die Beziehung des Ich zur Außenrealität, die Beziehung des Ich zum Anderen sowie die Beziehung des Ich zum Ich. Die Strategie dient dazu, bei den Kommunikationspartnern die zu gemeinsamer Handlung und Partnerschaft notwendigen Verhaltensweisen zu entwickeln

La communication stratégique aux prises avec ses images

La métaphore de la guerre oriente les actions des spécialistes en communication d’entreprise. Dans ce sens, la communication est associée à la stratégie. Elle est un outil pour vaincre le concurrent, s’imposer dans le champ symbolique et faire fructifier le capital-image de l’entreprise. Orienté vers les seules images qu’ils fabriquent, le communicateur délaisse les « faits ordinaires de communication » où des acteurs singuliers interagissent entre eux. Les points de vue actuels en communication nous invitent à libérer la communication de son image instrumentale et la voir comme un « construit » qui résulte de la co-action d’acteurs qui produisent le monde commun dans lequel nous vivons.The metaphor of war orients the actions of experts in business communications. In this sense, communications is connected to strategy. It is a tool for beating the competition, for making the company know in the symbolic sphere and for cashing in on the image-capital of the enterprise. Geared only toward the images it creates, the communicator leaves behind « the ordinary facts of communication », where individual agents interact. Current views in the field invite us to free communications from its utilitarian image and to see it as a « construct » resulting from the action of people working togheter to create the common world in which we live

A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the short term effects of a spring water supplemented with magnesium bicarbonate on acid/base balance, bone metabolism and cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>A number of health benefits including improvements in acid/base balance, bone metabolism, and cardiovascular risk factors have been attributed to the intake of magnesium rich alkaline mineral water. This study was designed to investigate the effects of the regular consumption of magnesium bicarbonate supplemented spring water on pH, biochemical parameters of bone metabolism, lipid profile and blood pressure in postmenopausal women.</p> <p>Findings</p> <p>In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, study, 67 postmenopausal women were randomised to receive between 1500 mL and 1800 mL daily of magnesium bicarbonate supplemented spring water (650 mg/L bicarbonate, 120 mg/L magnesium, pH 8.3-8.5) (supplemented water group) or spring water without supplements (control water group) over 84 days. Over this period biomarkers of bone turnover (serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, osteocalcin, urinary telopeptides and hydroxyproline), serum lipids (total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides), venous and urinary pH were measured together with measurements of standard biochemistry, haematology and urine examinations.</p> <p>Serum magnesium concentrations and urinary pH in subjects consuming the magnesium bicarbonate supplemented water increased significantly at Day 84 compared to subjects consuming the spring water control (magnesium - p = 0.03; pH - p = 0.018). The consumption of spring water led to a trend for an increase in parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations while the PTH concentrations remained stable with the intake of the supplemented spring water. However there were no significant effects of magnesium bicarbonate supplementation in changes to biomarkers of bone mineral metabolism (n-telopeptides, hydroxyproline, osteocalcin and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D) or serum lipids or blood pressure in postmenopausal women from Day 0 to Day 84.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Short term regular ingestion of magnesium bicarbonate supplemented water provides a source of orally available magnesium. Long term clinical studies are required to investigate any health benefits.</p> <p>Trial registration</p> <p>ACTRN12609000863235</p

Methods to study microbial adhesion on abiotic surfaces

Microbial biofilms are a matrix of cells and exopolymeric substances attached to a wet and solid surface and are commonly associated to several problems, such as biofouling and corrosion in industries and infectious diseases in urinary catheters and prosthesis. However, these cells may have several benefits in distinct applications, such as wastewater treatment processes, microbial fuel cells for energy production and biosensors. As microbial adhesion is a key step on biofilm formation, it is very important to understand and characterize microbial adhesion to a surface. This study presents an overview of predictive and experimental methods used for the study of bacterial adhesion. Evaluation of surface physicochemical properties have a limited capacity in describing the complex adhesion process. Regarding the experimental methods, there is no standard method or platform available for the study of microbial adhesion and a wide variety of methods, such as colony forming units counting and microscopy techniques, can be applied for quantification and characterization of the adhesion process.This work was financially supported by: Project UID/EQU/00511/2013-LEPABE, by the FCT/MEC with national funds and co-funded by FEDER in the scope of the P2020 Partnership Agreement; Project NORTE-07-0124-FEDER-000025 - RL2_Environment&Health, by FEDER funds through Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade-COMPETE, by the Programa Operacional do Norte (ON2) program and by national funds through FCT - Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia; European Research Project SusClean (Contract number FP7-KBBE-2011-5, project number: 287514), Scholarships SFRH/BD/52624/2014, SFRH/BD/88799/2012 and SFRH/BD/103810/2014

Principles of tax procedure in the Republic of Croatia

Ukoliko se osvrnemo u davnu prošlost možemo primijetiti kako nije bilo civilizacije koja na neki način nije ubirala porez. Uvođenje poreza vezano je ratno razdoblje, odnosno pokriće ratnih troškova. Pozornost se početkom XX. st. sve više posvećivala pravednosti u oporezivanju i izdašnosti poreznog sustava. Država je obvezna izvršiti određene zadatke i mjere na osnovi Ustava, zakona i drugih propisa te su joj za to potrebni određeni prihodi. Javni prihodi su sredstva kojima država zadovoljava potrebe iz svoje nadležnosti. Porezi su najvažniji izvor prihoda svake države. Osim što se porezima financiraju rashodi, odnosno ostvaruju fiskalni ciljevi, oni mogu utjecati na stabilnost cijena, raspodjelu dohotka i ostvarivanje veće zaposlenosti. Cilj ovog rada bio je obuhvatiti načela poreznog postupka, te njihovu ulogu s obzirom da je dobar porezni sustav zasnovan na načelu učinkovitosti i pravednosti. Načelo je temeljno pravilo, odnosno rukovodeća ideja koja postoji u zakonodavstvu. Raspodjela poreznog tereta mora biti pravedna, a država bi trebala primjenjivati oporezivanje uz niske troškove plaćanja poreza za porezne obveznike. Pravni izvori za porezne obveznike i tijela državne uprave su Ustav Republike Hrvatske, Opći porezni zakon, Zakon o općem upravnom postupku te ostali zakoni koji reguliraju sustav. Također, kroz rad analiziramo povezanost između načela poreznog i upravnog postupka.Looking back to the ancient past, we can see that there was no civilization that somehow did not collect taxes. Introduction of taxes is related to the wartime i.e. covering war costs. At the beginning of the XX. century attention had been focused on fairnees of taxation and bounty of tax system. The state is obligated to perform certain tasks and measures based on the Constitution, laws and other regulations and for that it needs certain revenues. Government revenues are resources used by state to cover expenses in it’s jurisdiction. Taxes are the most important source of revenue for every state. As well as taxes are used to finance expenditures i.e. achieving of fiscal goals, they can also affect price stability, income distribtion and higher employment. The goal of this paper is to cover the principles of taxation and their role, given that a good tax system is based on the principle of effciency and equity. Principle is fundamental rule i.e. leading idea that exists in the legislature. The distribution of the tax burden must be fair and the state should apply taxation with low cost to taxpayers. Legal sources for taxpayers and state administration bodies are the Constitution of the Republic of Croatia, the General Tax Law, the Law on General Administrative Procedure and other laws governing the system. Also, through the paper we analyze the connection between the principles of taxation and administrative procedure