Adaptive business arrangements and the creation of social capital: Towards small-scale fisheries resilience in different European geographical areas

European small-scale fisheries are confronted with several challenges, notably a decrease in the number of people engaged in capture fishing, growing competition from less expensive extra-European Union markets, rising operational costs, strict regulations and the depletion of fishing stocks. Many small-scale fishers must adapt to change to maintain or increase their income using different business strategies. In this respect, we argue that new and diversified institutional arrangements combined with building social capital can help reach long-term economic sustainability for small-scale fisheries businesses, as well as the social-ecological resilience of coastal areas. In order to understand and analyse the multiplicity of strategies applied by small-scale fishers–including expansion towards non–productivist activities, this article examines the role of new institutional arrangements based on small-scale, traditional, quality-orientated, multifunctional business strategies and non-fishing activities. Using a case-study approach, we analyse–in three different European fishery contexts (Greece, Italy and the UK)–how the interplay between building adaptive arrangements and the creation of social capital in selected small-scale fisheries provides relevant prerequisites for resilience

` Adding value to the fish ! ´ Business Strategies in Fish Farming and Small-Scale Fishery

The development of values-based supply chains for fish and fish products from fisheries and aquaculture is a strategy to add value to the fish. This benefit refers to the double meaning of ‘value’; premium prices for high-value products and at the same time, the incorporation of environmental, social, cultural or ethical values based on a sustainable use of resources. Although small-scale fish production and fisheries have a long tradition in many regions of the European Union, fishermen and fish farmers face strong competition with industrialized fishery fleets as well as imports from low- costs aquaculture. At the same time, European consumer surveys prove evidence that a consumers show an over- average Willingness to Pay (WTP) for fish produced locally and according to sustainability standards. With this paper, we aim to identify and discuss fish farmers’ and fishermen’s strategies ensuring the viability of their businesses by add- ing value to their fish utilizing this so far often unused market potential. Four case studies serve as the basis for the analysis. The German case studies examined traditional carp pond farming in Franconia and recirculation aquaculture systems in northern Germany. The Italian case studies focus on saline aquaculture (marine and on-shore) in Tuscany and mussel farming (inshore) in the Emilia-Romagna region. The English, Italian and Greek study cases analysed the situation of small-scale coastal fisheries in Cornwall, Tuscany and the Kavala region

New heterometallic cubane-like clusters [{(η5-Cp)Mo}3S4{M‘(CO)3}](pts) (M‘ = Cr, Mo, W; pts =p-toluenesulfonate) obtained by ligand substitution reactions and Insertion of {M‘(CO)3} fragments

A series of group 6 heterometallic sulfide clusters have been prepared to establish a route to potential models of hydrodesulfurization catalysts suitable for application in nonaqueous media. The cluster compound [{(H2O)3Mo}3S4](pts)4·9H2O (pts = p-toluenesulfonate) was treated with triethyl orthoformate in the presence of a catalytic amount of Hpts to yield an ethanol complex of the [Mo3S4]4+ cluster core. The complex was subsequently converted in situ to acetonitrile and tetrahydrofuran complexes before treatment with thallium cyclopentadienide to yield the new cluster compound [{(η5-Cp)Mo}3S4](pts) (1). Insertion of {M‘(CO)3} fragments into 1 afforded the series of cubane-like, heterometallic clusters [{(η5-Cp)Mo}3S4{M‘(CO)3}](pts) (M‘ = Cr (2a), Mo (2b), W (2c)). Single-crystal X-ray analysis established the heterometallic S4-capped tetrahedral cluster core in the structure of 2c·1/2CH3OH