The Effect of Deep Water Aqua Treadmill Training on the Plasma Biochemical Parameters of Show Jumpers

Aqua treadmill is mainly used for rehabilitation purposes, but research indicates that this equipment could be used for training as well. The few studies performed with aqua treadmill mainly followed lactate and heart rate changes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test the effect of high water treadmill training on several blood parameters and on the correlations between them. Eight similarly trained Standardbred show jumper horse competing at the same level were selected with age between 6 to 11 years. The horses were subjected to a one week standardized exercise test which included normal training, training with show jumping and aqua treadmill training. The aqua treadmill training consisted of a 10 min walk (filling up, 4.5 km/h), 30 min trot (13 km/h) and 4 min walk (emptying, 4.5 km/h). Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein before aqua training, at the completion of each work bout, after drying and after one and two hour rest. Blood plasma were separated and lactate, LDH, CK, AST, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, total-bilirubin and cortisol level were determined. In conclusion plasma lactate response itself does not reflect correctly the intensity of workload in high water level aqua training, therefore measurement of several blood parameters is advisable. Further studies needed to understand the relationship of metabolic processes altered due to the effect of partial water submersion

The Effect of Deep Water Aqua Treadmill Training on the Plasma Biochemical Parameters of Show Jumpers

Aqua treadmill is mainly used for rehabilitation purposes, but research indicates that this equipment could be used for training as well. The few studies performed with aqua treadmill mainly followed lactate and heart rate changes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test the effect of high water treadmill training on several blood parameters and on the correlations between them. Eight similarly trained Standardbred show jumper horse competing at the same level were selected with age between 6 to 11 years. The horses were subjected to a one week standardized exercise test which included normal training, training with show jumping and aqua treadmill training. The aqua treadmill training consisted of a 10 min walk (filling up, 4.5 km/h), 30 min trot (13 km/h) and 4 min walk (emptying, 4.5 km/h). Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein before aqua training, at the completion of each work bout, after drying and after one and two hour rest. Blood plasma were separated and lactate, LDH, CK, AST, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, total-bilirubin and cortisol level were determined. In conclusion plasma lactate response itself does not reflect correctly the intensity of workload in high water level aqua training, therefore measurement of several blood parameters is advisable. Further studies needed to understand the relationship of metabolic processes altered due to the effect of partial water submersion

Learning of Signaling Networks: Molecular Mechanisms

Molecular processes of neuronal learning have been well described. However, learning mechanisms of non-neuronal cells are not yet fully understood at the molecular level. Here, we discuss molecular mechanisms of cellular learning, including conformational memory of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and prions, signaling cascades, protein translocation, RNAs [miRNA and long noncoding RNA (lncRNA)], and chromatin memory. We hypothesize that these processes constitute the learning of signaling networks and correspond to a generalized Hebbian learning process of single, non-neuronal cells, and we discuss how cellular learning may open novel directions in drug design and inspire new artificial intelligence methods. © 2020 The Author

ComPPI: a cellular compartment-specific database for protein-protein interaction network analysis

Here we present ComPPI, a cellular compartment-specific database of proteins and their interactions enabling an extensive, compartmentalized protein-protein interaction network analysis (URL: http://ComPPI.LinkGroup.hu). ComPPI enables the user to filter biologically unlikely interactions, where the two interacting proteins have no common subcellular localizations and to predict novel properties, such as compartment-specific biological functions. ComPPI is an integrated database covering four species (S. cerevisiae, C. elegans, D. melanogaster and H. sapiens). The compilation of nine protein-protein interaction and eight subcellular localization data sets had four curation steps including a manually built, comprehensive hierarchical structure of >1600 subcellular localizations. ComPPI provides confidence scores for protein subcellular localizations and protein-protein interactions. ComPPI has user-friendly search options for individual proteins giving their subcellular localization, their interactions and the likelihood of their interactions considering the subcellular localization of their interacting partners. Download options of search results, whole-proteomes, organelle-specific interactomes and subcellular localization data are available on its website. Due to its novel features, ComPPI is useful for the analysis of experimental results in biochemistry and molecular biology, as well as for proteome-wide studies in bioinformatics and network science helping cellular biology, medicine and drug design

Periodic input of dust over the Eastern Carpathians during the Holocene linked with Saharan desertification and human impact

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Effect of storage on physical and functional properties of extracellular vesicles derived from neutrophilic granulocytes.

AIM: To carry out a systematic study on the effect of different storage conditions on the number as well as the physical and functional properties of antibacterial extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from human neutrophilic granulocytes. METHODS: Production of EVs with antibacterial properties was initiated by opsonized Zymosan A particles. The number of released fluorescent EVs was determined by flow cytometry following careful calibration. Physical properties and size of EVs were investigated by flow cytometry, dynamic light scattering and electron microscopy. Functional properties of EVs were tested by bacterial survival assay. RESULTS: Storage at +20 degrees C or +4 degrees C resulted in a significant decrease of EV number and antibacterial effect after 1 day. Storage at -20 degrees C did not influence the EV number up to 28 days, but induced a shift in EV size and almost complete loss of antibacterial function by 28 days. Storage at -80 degrees C had no significant effect either on EV number or size and allowed partial preservation of the antibacterial function up to 28 days. Snap-freezing did not improve the results, whereas the widely used cryoprotectants induced EV lysis. CONCLUSION: Storage significantly alters both the physical and functional properties of EVs even if the number of EVs stays constant. If storage is needed, EVs should be kept at -80 degrees C, preferably not longer than 7 days. For functional tests, freshly prepared EVs are recommended