Procena kvaliteta morske vode: efekti akvakulture i otpadnih voda iz domaćinstva

The aim of this study was to determine influence of marine fish farm and sewage on water quality in Rize coast located at southeastern Black Sea. For this purpose, water samples were taken monthly from 5 points around fish cages, 2 points effected sewage areas, a reference point without effects of fish farm and sewage,from June 2007 to April 2009. Measurements were performed according to standard methods. Data was given as min-max for coastal, fish cage and reference points, respectively. Results were for water temperature7.83-27.51, 7.79-27.41, 7.72-27.00 °C; for dissolved oxygen7.60-11.00, 7.00-11.2, 7.80-11.60 mg/L; for pH 8.04-8.43, 7.93-8.38, 7.62-8.33; for salinity16.61-18.60, 16.77-19.03, 16.78-18.97 ppt; for silicate 0.29-14.64, 0.25-16.43, 0.25-11.70µM; for orthophosphate 0.10-1.71, 0.09-1.50, 0.10-1.95 µM; for total phosphorus 0.24-3.73, 0.12-3.30, 0.10-3.52 µM; for total suspended solids 1.70-26.40, 1.00-20.40, 1.00-11,80mg/L; for chlorophyll-a 0.46-3.26, ND-3.25, 0.10-4.99 µg/L, respectively. According to the results, no significant effects of fish farm on water quality were observed in field study. Based on levels of these parameters observed in the study, it was defined that the fish farming was less effect to water quality than domestic sewage discharge.Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio procena uticaja morskih ribnjaka i otpadnih voda iz domaćinstva na kvalitet vode na obali Rize lociranoj na jugoistoku Crnog Mora. U tu svrhu je voda uzorkovana mesečno sa 5 tačaka oko kaveza sa ribama, 2 tačke sa mesta izliva otpadnih voda i jedne referentne tačke bez efekta kaveza i otpadnih voda, od juna 2007 do aprila 2009. Merenja su izvođena standardnim metodama. Podaci su prikazani kao minimum i maksimum sledećim redom: obalske tačke, kavezi sa ribama i referentna tačka. Dobijeni su sledeći rezultati: za temperaturu vode 7.83-27.51, 7.79-27.41, 7.72-27.00 °C; za rastvoreni kiseonik 7.60-11.00, 7.00-11.2, 7.80-11.60 mg/L; za pH 8.04-8.43, 7.93-8.38, 7.62-8.33; za salinitet 61-18.60, 16.77-19.03, 16.78-18.97 ppt; za silikate 0.29-14.64, 0.25-16.43, 0.25-11.70µM; za ortofosfate 0.10-1.71, 0.09-1.50, 0.10-1.95 µM; za ukupni fosfor 0.24-3.73, 0.12-3.30, 0.10-3.52 µM; za ukupne suspendovane materije 1.70-26.40, 1.00-20.40, 1.00-11,80mg/L; za hlorofil-a 0.46-3.26, ND-3.25, 0.10-4.99 µg/L, gore navedenim redom. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata nisu konstatovani značajni efekti kaveznih sistema na kvalitet vode. Na osnovu vrednosti pomenutih parametara u ovom istraživanju manje je negativnih efekata na kvalitet vode koji potiču od delatnosti uzgoja riba u odnosu na otpadne vode iz domaćinstva

Distribution and sources of particulate organic matter from the anthropogenically disturbed Iyidere River to the Black Sea coast

Understanding the biogeochemical processes of particulate organic matter occurring in the river under anthropogenic disturbances and its transport to the coastal system is important for environmental resource management. In this study, we investigated the sources and distribution of particulate organic matter (POM) from the upper reaches of the Iyidere River, Türkiye, to the coastal water of the Black Sea during the fall and spring seasons using the elemental (POC and PON (%), C/N), isotopic (δ13C and δ15N), and Bayesian mixing model (MixSIAR) analysis. The POC (%), PON (%), and C/N of POM varied seasonally, indicating that the composition of POM varied with river hydrology, which varies depending on the climate of the region. Both the mixing model and the isotopic and elemental ratios of POM have revealed that the organic matter sources contributing to the riverine of POM, during the fall season, when the precipitation is severe, exhibited a uniform distribution. Heavy rain increased soil erosion along the high-slope land, and as a result, soil and bacteria were identified as the main contributor of POM along the Iyidere River. The results showed that the organic matter sources contributing to POM in the spring season showed significant spatial variation. Terrestrial vegetation, soil OM, and bacteria were the main contributors of POM depending on sites, and these contributions did not show a regular trend along the river. δ15N of POM had significant spatial variation in both seasons that was likely caused by nitrogen inputs derived from anthropogenic activities along the river. The anthropogenic activities and cascade dams causing variations in the contribution of organic matter to the POM are the likely important driving factors in this river-coastal system

THE WATER QUALITY OF STREAMS FLOWING INTO SOUTH EASTERN BLACK SEA COASTS IN TERMS OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

WOS: 000436522400067The purpose of this study is to determine the physico-chemical properties (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, suspended solid, nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, orthophosphate and sulphate) within the water quality of 8 different streams flowing into the South eastern Black Sea coast. the water samples were collected monthly from April 2016 to March 2017 at a specified point at which the Melet, Aksu, Degirmendere, iyidere, Salarha, Buyiikdere, Firtma and Hopa streams flow into the sea. the physical parameters of the water samples were measured using a portable multi water quality meter (HQ40D), and analysed the chemical parameters using a spectrophotometer (HACH-LANGE-DR3900). the Gravimetric method was used to obtain suspended solids matter (SPM). the analysis results were compared with national and international quality standards and regulations for drinking as well as non-drinkable water. the annual means of parameters for all streams featured in this study were 14.22 +/- 0.525 (4-26.1) degrees C in terms of temperature, 7.62 +/- 0.059(6.1-9.1) in terms of pH, 158.63 +/- 8.837 (40-420) S/cm in terms of electrical conductivity, and 10.38 +/- 0.132 (7.29-14.63) mg/L in terms of dissolved oxygen. on the other hand, the amount of suspended solid matter (SPM) was 68.36 +/- 8.791 (0.3-604.1) mg/L, nitrite nitrogen was 0.016 +/- 0.005 (0.001-0.53) mg NO2N/L, nitrate nitrogen was 0.340 +/- 0.026 (0-1.5) mg NO3-N/L, orthophosphate phosphorus levels were 0.388 +/- 0.064 (0.02-4.29) mg o-PO4-P/L, and the level of sulphate concentration was 10.458 +/- 0.949 (0-48) mg SO4/L. When the findings are evaluated according to national and international standards, all of the streams have a Class I water quality standard according to other parameters with the exception of orthophosphate phosphorus. For orthophosphate phosphorus levels, the Degirmendere and iyidere streams were determined to be Class IV, whilst the remaining streams were determined to be Class II in terms of water quality.Research Fund of Recep Tayyip Erdogan UniversityRecep Tayyip Erdogan University [FDK-2016-623]This work supported by Research Fund of Recep Tayyip Erdogan University (Project No: FDK-2016-623). on the other hand, this study was carried out using a part of the first author's PhD thesis

Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Diagonal Brush Fish Pass: Prototype Measurements

The present study investigates the hydrodynamic characteristics of the diagonal brush upstream fishway at the Incirli run-of-river hydropower plant on Iyidere River in Turkey. Three-dimensional velocity measurements were conducted in the fish pass using a Micro acoustic Doppler velocimeter under real-time operation conditions. The diagonal arrangement of brush blocks creates favorable hydrodynamic conditions (i.e., lateral momentum exchange) that allow fish to minimize swimming energy. We found that the spatially averaged lateral component of Reynolds shear stress is 2.2 times higher than spatially averaged vertical component of Reynolds shear stress, which could be due to the lateral velocity gradient in the vicinity of brush blocks. It is shown that the low-velocity zones behind the brush blocks constitute important resting sites for fish. The monitoring data showed that inlet water levels have considerable effects on the turbulence quantities. The brushes become submerged with the increased reservoir water level from 102 m to 102.05 m above sea level. The maximum turbulent kinetic energy was increased by a factor of three compared to unsubmerged conditions. We found a strong relationship between the average energy dissipation rate per unit mass and the Reynolds number. On the other hand, the prototype data reveal the inverse relationship between the Darcy-Weissbach friction factor and the relative submergence of bristles. The present results allow the efficient design of diagonal fish passes.ISSN:2073-444

THE DAM EFFECTS ON THE DISTRIBUTIONS OF FISH ASSEMBLAGES AND WATER QUALITY ON THE RIVER YESILIRMAK (TURKEY) USING PRINCIPLE COMPONENT ANALYSIS

WOS: 000480511400035There are multiple effects of human induced like dams on river ecosystems. Transforming the river into a lake, dams interrupt the continuity of river flow to downstream, affecting the water quality as well as biodiversity and behavior of the species in the river stretch below the dam. There can be an environmental filter through which only the species exhibiting strategies adapted to the new environment. in order to pass through environmental filter fish must be adapted to, or they must be able to change their behavior according to hydrological changes in the new environment. Otherwise, they have to migrate to an appropriate medium if they find on the river. A similar situation arises when two different dams (Suat Ugurlu and Hasan Ugurlu Dam Reservoirs) are built on the river in Yesilirmak river basin. the aim of this study was to determine hydrological effects on fish population and the water quality of the River Yesilirmak (Turkey). in the study, an assessment of water quality varieties between lotic and lentic habitats on Yesilirmak River (Turkey) is presented. Seasonal samples were taken from April 2008 to July 2009 at 9 sampling sites of riverine and dam lakes built on the river. According to the results of analysis of some water quality parameters; water depth, turbidity, current speed, chlorophyll-a and nutrients of water significantly varied between dam and river sections of Yesilirmak. Existence of dams have clearly formed spatial differences between river and lakes in terms of fish species. on the other hand, water quality data indicated that river and dam lake water had water quality classes ranging from 1 to 3. It seemed that intensive agricultural, industrial and anthropogenic activities could be responsible for creating this variability in water class level.TUBITAK (National Scientific and Technical Council Research Project of Turkey) [1070519]This work was funded by the TUBITAK (National Scientific and Technical Council Research Project of Turkey) with the No.1070519. the authors would like to thank Davut Turan, Kemal celik, Ahmet Bozkurt, A. Mutlu Gozler, Evren cetin, Ayse Araci and Ertugrul Terzi for their contribution and assistance in collecting monitored data

The Heavy Metal Assessment of Harsit Stream (Giresun, Turkey) Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques

WOS: 000456226800050The aim of this research was to determine the degree of heavy metal contamination of Harsit Stream in northeastern Turkey. Heavy metals such as Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in water were analyzed using ICP-MS and the result compared with national and international Standard for Drinking Water Quality. The water samples were collected from 7 different sites between June 2014 and May 2015. Statistical analysis of data was carried out using SPSS statistical package programs. Descriptive statistical analysis including One-way ANOVA, significance (0.01 and 0.05) was done. Important differences in the mean values were tested with Duncan's multiple range test. Moreover, the multi variate statistical techniques (hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA)), the Pearson correlation were applied to the heavy metal variables. In water samples, according to analysis results, the following findings were obtained for the concentration ranges of the metals: Al: 4.922-1078.906, Cr: 7.141-74.900, Mn: 0.525-18.102, Fe: 4.188-7.855, Co: 3.262-7.878, Ni: 5.832-44.923, Cu: 0.873-20.649, Zn: 10.367-362.901, Cd: 1.724-19.427 and Pb: 2.570-6.259 mu g/L were found. The pollution load index between the heavy metals in the stream produced the following output: Zn > Al > Cr > Cu> Fe > Mn > Co > Pb > Cd > Ni for summer, Al > Zn > Cr > Ni> Cu > Mn > Fe > Co > Pb > Cd for autumn, Al > Zn > Cr > Ni> Fe > Co > Pb > Cu > Mn > Cd for winter, Al > Zn > Cr > Ni> Fe > Co > Mn > Cu > Pb > Cd for spring. Moreover, the distribution of heavy metals between stations was not statistically significant (p<0.05, p<0.01). Consequently, it can be concluded that the concentrations of some heavy metals in water from Harsit stream are higher than the WHO, EPA and Canada standards.Giresun UniversityGiresun University [FEN-BAP-C-250414-02]We thank Giresun University, Project no FEN-BAP-C-250414-02 (Ph.D. Thesis), for the partial financial support. This article has been presented as oral presentation "Determination of Heavy Metal Concentration in Water Samples Collected from Harit Stream, Giresun-Turkey" in the IBCESS conference of Giresun University in 2016

Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Diagonal Brush Fish Pass: Prototype Measurements

The present study investigates the hydrodynamic characteristics of the diagonal brush upstream fishway at the Incirli run-of-river hydropower plant on Iyidere River in Turkey. Three-dimensional velocity measurements were conducted in the fish pass using a Micro acoustic Doppler velocimeter under real-time operation conditions. The diagonal arrangement of brush blocks creates favorable hydrodynamic conditions (i.e., lateral momentum exchange) that allow fish to minimize swimming energy. We found that the spatially averaged lateral component of Reynolds shear stress is 2.2 times higher than spatially averaged vertical component of Reynolds shear stress, which could be due to the lateral velocity gradient in the vicinity of brush blocks. It is shown that the low-velocity zones behind the brush blocks constitute important resting sites for fish. The monitoring data showed that inlet water levels have considerable effects on the turbulence quantities. The brushes become submerged with the increased reservoir water level from 102 m to 102.05 m above sea level. The maximum turbulent kinetic energy was increased by a factor of three compared to unsubmerged conditions. We found a strong relationship between the average energy dissipation rate per unit mass and the Reynolds number. On the other hand, the prototype data reveal the inverse relationship between the Darcy-Weissbach friction factor and the relative submergence of bristles. The present results allow the efficient design of diagonal fish passes

A RESEARCH ON THE SENSITIVITY OF TROUTS (Oncorhynchus mykiss) TO SOME METALS (HgCl2, ZnSO4, PbCl2)

Terzi, Ertugrul/0000-0003-2811-6497WOS: 000386746100034The aim of this study is to investigate the sensitivity of (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum, 1792), a salmonid fish species, to some toxic metal substances (Mercuric chloride; HgCl2, Zinc sulfate; ZnSO4, and Lead chloride; PbCl2) for aquatic ecosystems. The fishes were taken from local trout farms (Rize-Turkey) for bioassay experiments. The 96-h LC50 values for Rainbow trout were estimated, and their variations for each metal discussed. Lead chloride and zinc sulfate were less toxic for Rainbow trout as 20.21 mgL(-1) and 1.69 mgL(-1) respectively; however the most toxic metal was mercuric chloride (LC50: 0.81 mgL(-1)).Recep Tayyip Erdogan UniversityRecep Tayyip Erdogan University [2009103011]Thanks to the US EPA for the acute toxicity testing probity analysis computer program on the web. The study was supported by Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Research Project Fund (Project No: 2009103011)

THE HEAVY METAL ASSESSMENT OF HARSIT STREAM (GIRESUN, TURKEY) USING MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES

WOS: 000456226800050The aim of this research was to determine the degree of heavy metal contamination of Harsit Stream in northeastern Turkey. Heavy metals such as Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in water were analyzed using ICP-MS and the result compared with national and international Standard for Drinking Water Quality. the water samples were collected from 7 different sites between June 2014 and May 2015. Statistical analysis of data was carried out using SPSS statistical package programs. Descriptive statistical analysis including One-way ANOVA, significance (0.01 and 0.05) was done. Important differences in the mean values were tested with Duncan's multiple range test. Moreover, the multi variate statistical techniques (hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA)), the Pearson correlation were applied to the heavy metal variables. in water samples, according to analysis results, the following findings were obtained for the concentration ranges of the metals: Al: 4.922-1078.906, Cr: 7.141-74.900, Mn: 0.525-18.102, Fe: 4.188-7.855, Co: 3.262-7.878, Ni: 5.832-44.923, Cu: 0.873-20.649, Zn: 10.367-362.901, Cd: 1.724-19.427 and Pb: 2.570-6.259 mu g/L were found. the pollution load index between the heavy metals in the stream produced the following output: Zn > Al > Cr > Cu> Fe > Mn > Co > Pb > Cd > Ni for summer, Al > Zn > Cr > Ni> Cu > Mn > Fe > Co > Pb > Cd for autumn, Al > Zn > Cr > Ni> Fe > Co > Pb > Cu > Mn > Cd for winter, Al > Zn > Cr > Ni> Fe > Co > Mn > Cu > Pb > Cd for spring. Moreover, the distribution of heavy metals between stations was not statistically significant (p<0.05, p<0.01). Consequently, it can be concluded that the concentrations of some heavy metals in water from Harsit stream are higher than the WHO, EPA and Canada standards.Giresun UniversityGiresun University [FEN-BAP-C-250414-02]We thank Giresun University, Project no FEN-BAP-C-250414-02 (Ph.D. Thesis), for the partial financial support. This article has been presented as oral presentation "Determination of Heavy Metal Concentration in Water Samples Collected from Harit Stream, Giresun-Turkey" in the IBCESS conference of Giresun University in 2016

Assesment of trace elements in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cultured in the marine aquaculture cages on the Black Sea Coast

Apaydin, Gokhan/0000-0002-4647-344X; Akin, Senol/0000-0002-3851-4360WOS: 000249956600003The concentrations of trace elements were determined in various tissues (internal organs, liver, abdominal and dorsal muscle) of individuals of cultured fishes obtained from two marine cage farms located on the coasts of Rize, Turkey. The concentrations of seven trace elements (sulphur (S), chloride (0), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), barium (Ba), and tin (Sri) were determined in ten specimens (5 from each farm) using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence method. A radioisotope excited X-ray fluorescence analysis using the method of multiple standard additions is applied for the elemental analysis of fish. The results obtained from these analyses showed similar patterns of distribution among farms and organs. The averages of trace elements did not statistically differ among farms, but did differ among the organs. Regardless of organs, K (1.64 %) was the highest followed by Cl (1.64 %), Fe (0.57 %), S (0.48 %), and Ca (0.20 %). The other trace elements (Sri and Ba) regarded as heavy metals with Fe had the lowest concentrations in fish. The results also showed that the liver accumulated the highest concentrations of all elements combined (0.48 %) followed by dorsal and abdominal muscle, and interior organs. Concentrations of K (2.35 %), Cl (2.27 %), S (1.22 %), and Fe (0.85 %) in liver were much higher than the concentrations of the other elements. Accumulations of Sri and Ba as heavy metals, on the other hand, were the lowest in liver with averages of 0.03 mu gg(-1) and 0.00 mu gg(-1), respectively. Despite the variability in concentrations of the heavy elements, concentrations of those elements in the tissue samples are not higher than the toxic level