Popular history and the desire for knowledge : an examination of James A. Michener’s The Source as a popular history of Israel

This thesis explores the issues that arise when we consider James A. Michener’s number 1 best-seller The Source (1965) as a popular history of Israel. It examines the educational desires of middlebrow audiences that led to Michener’s popularity, and discusses the benefits and concerns of presenting history in a fictionalised popular form. It then explores how these issues arise within The Source, examining the novel in-depth, arguing that popular history should be cause of greater concern as it has the ability to express particular historical narratives to a wide-reaching audience

A quantitative comparison of cytosolic delivery via different protein uptake systems

Contains fulltext : 180524.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)Over many years, a variety of delivery systems have been investigated that have the capacity to shuttle macromolecular cargoes, especially proteins, into the cytosol. Due to the lack of an objective way to quantify cytosolic delivery, relative delivery efficiencies of the various transport systems have remained unclear. Here, we demonstrate the use of the biotin ligase assay for a quantitative comparison of protein transport to the cytosol via cell-penetrating peptides, supercharged proteins and bacterial toxins in four different cell lines. The data illustrate large differences in both the total cellular internalization, which denotes any intracellular location including endosomes, and in the cytosolic uptake of the transport systems, with little correlation between the two. Also, we found significant differences between the cell lines. In general, protein transport systems based on cell-penetrating peptides show a modest total uptake, and mostly do not deliver cargo to the cytosol. Systems based on bacterial toxins show a modest receptor-mediated internalization but an efficient delivery to the cytosol. Supercharged proteins, on the contrary, are not receptor-specific and lead to massive total internalization into endosomes, but only low amounts end up in the cytosol

Biological responses towards cationic peptides and drug carriers.

Item does not contain fulltextIn drug development, major resources are invested into the development of cellular delivery systems to increase the effectiveness of a large array of potential therapeutics, such as proteins and oligonucleotides. These carriers comprise cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), cationic lipids and cationic polymers. In recent years, evidence has been accumulating that these carriers not only act as mere pharmacokinetic modifiers but also interfere with cellular processes in various ways. In this review, we present an overview of the biological side effects associated with carrier systems. The focus will be on CPPs, which have been explored for a diverse set of cargos. Reported activities range from an induction of receptor internalization to the generation of reactive oxygen species. Ultimately, cell-penetrating molecules with such biological side effects might evolve into new bioactive agents that combine delivery capacity and pharmacophore in a single molecular entity. First examples for such molecules will be presented.1 februari 201

Measurements of the intracellular stability of CPPs.

Item does not contain fulltextNowadays, the analysis of the uptake and intracellular distribution of cell-penetrating peptides mostly relies on fluorescence microscopy, using fluorescently labeled CPP analogs. However, fluorescence microscopy does not reveal to which degree fluorescence reflects the intact peptide or only breakdown products. Here, we introduce fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) as a powerful method to address peptide stability in cells and cell lysates. Measurements in lysates of cells incubated with peptide yield information on degradation of the total cellular peptide content. In combination with protease inhibitors, such measurements enable conclusions on trafficking pathways. Intracellular FCS measurements provide direct information on peptide degradation and association with cellular structures in intact cells

Cationic cell-penetrating peptides induce ceramide formation via acid sphingomyelinase: implications for uptake.

Contains fulltext : 88016.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access)Cationic cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) are receiving increasing attention as molecular transporters of membrane-impermeable molecules. Import of cationic CPP occurs both via endocytosis and - at higher peptide concentrations - in an endocytosis-independent manner via localized regions of the plasma membrane. At present, this endocytosis-independent import of cationic CPP is not well understood, but has been shown to be sensitive to various pharmacological inhibitors, suggesting a role of an unidentified enzymatic activity. Here, we demonstrate that the direct translocation of cationic CPP depends on a CPP-induced translocation of acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane and ceramide formation. The involvement of ASMase in uptake was confirmed by a pharmacological inhibition of ASMase by imipramine and a subsequent rescue of uptake through external addition of sphingomyelinase, and by using ASMase-deficient cells. We also found that the threshold for direct CPP translocation can be lowered through addition of sphingomyelinase and that sphingomyelinase enhances the translocation of R9 coupled to low-molecular weight cargos, but not high-molecular weight cargos. In conclusion, we show that a previously poorly understood mechanism of cationic CPP import depends on the ASMase-dependent formation of ceramide on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. To our knowledge, this is the first illustration that a class of delivery vectors operates through the induction of an enzymatic activity that changes the lipid composition of the plasma membrane

Oxygen control: the often overlooked but essential piece to create better in vitro systems

Variations in oxygen levels play key roles in numerous physiological and pathological processes, but are often not properly controlled in in vitro models, introducing a significant bias in experimental outcomes. Recent developments in microfluidic technology have introduced a paradigm shift by providing new opportunities to better mimic physiological and pathological conditions, which is achieved by both regulating and monitoring oxygen levels at the micrometre scale in miniaturized devices. In this review, we first introduce the nature and relevance of oxygen-dependent pathways in both physiological and pathological contexts. Subsequently, we discuss strategies to control oxygen in microfluidic devices, distinguishing between engineering approaches that operate at the device level during its fabrication and chemical approaches that involve the active perfusion of fluids oxygenated at a precise level or supplemented with oxygen-producing or oxygen-scavenging materials. In addition, we discuss readout approaches for monitoring oxygen levels at the cellular and tissue levels, focusing on electrochemical and optical detection schemes for high-resolution measurements directly on-chip. An overview of different applications in which microfluidic devices have been utilized to answer biological research questions is then provided. In the final section, we provide our vision for further technological refinements of oxygen-controlling devices and discuss how these devices can be employed to generate new fundamental insights regarding key scientific problems that call for emulating oxygen levels as encountered in vivo. We conclude by making the case that ultimately emulating physiological or pathological oxygen levels should become a standard feature in all in vitro cell, tissue, and organ models

The Application of Organs-on-a-Chip in Dental, Oral, and Craniofacial Research.

The current development of microfluidics-based microphysiological systems (MPSs) will rapidly lead to a paradigm shift from traditional static 2-dimensional cell cultivation towards organized tissue culture within a dynamic cellular milieu. Especially organs-on-a-chip (OoCs) can very precisely re-create the mechanical and unique anatomical structures of the oral environment. This review provides an introduction to such technology, from commonly used chip materials and fabrication methods to the application of OoC in in vitro culture. OoCs are advantageous because of their small-scaled culture environment, the highly controlled dynamic experimental conditions, and the likeness to the in vivo structure. We specifically focus on current chip designs in dental, oral, and craniofacial (DOC) research. Also, future perspectives are discussed, like model standardization and the development of integrated platforms with advanced read-out functionality. By doing so, it will be possible for OoCs to serve as an alternative for animal testing and to develop highly predictive human models for clinical experiments and even personalized medicine

Thermodynamic Stability Is a Strong Predictor for the Delivery of DARPins to the Cytosol via Anthrax Toxin

Anthrax toxin has evolved to translocate its toxic cargo proteins to the cytosol of cells carrying its cognate receptor. Cargo molecules need to unfold to penetrate the narrow pore formed by its membrane-spanning subunit, protective antigen (PA). Various alternative cargo molecules have previously been tested, with some showing only limited translocation efficiency, and it may be assumed that these were too stable to be unfolded before passing through the anthrax pore. In this study, we systematically and quantitatively analyzed the correlation between the translocation of various designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins) and their different sizes and thermodynamic stabilities. To measure cytosolic uptake, we used biotinylation of the cargo by cytosolic BirA, and we measured cargo equilibrium stability via denaturant-induced unfolding, monitored by circular dichroism (CD). Most of the tested DARPin cargoes, including target-binding ones, were translocated to the cytosol. Those DARPins, which remained trapped in the endosome, were confirmed by CD to show a high equilibrium stability. We could pinpoint a stability threshold up to which cargo DARPins still get translocated to the cytosol. These experiments have outlined the requirements for translocatable binding proteins, relevant stability measurements to assess translocatable candidates, and guidelines to further engineer this property if needed