Leucine-rich diet induces a shift in tumour metabolism from glycolytic towards oxidative phosphorylation, reducing glucose consumption and metastasis in Walker-256 tumour-bearing rats

Leucine can stimulate protein synthesis in skeletal muscle, and recent studies have shown an increase in leucine-related mitochondria! biogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation capacity in muscle cells. However, leucine-related effects in tumour tissues are still poorly understood. Thus, we described the effects of leucine in both in vivo and in vitro models of a Walker-256 tumour. Tumour-bearing Wistar rats were randomly distributed into a control group (W; normoprotein diet) and leucine group (LW; leucine-rich diet [normoprotein +3% leucine]). After 20 days of tumour evolution, the animals underwent (18)-fludeoxyglucose positron emission computed tomography (F-18-FDG PET-CT) imaging, and after euthanasia, fresh tumour biopsy samples were taken for oxygen consumption rate measurements (Oroboros Oxygraph), electron microscopy analysis and RNA and protein extraction. Our main results from the LW group showed no tumour size change, lower tumour glucose (F-18-FDG) uptake, and reduced metastatic sites. Furthermore, leucine stimulated a shift in tumour metabolism from glycolytic towards oxidative phosphorylation, higher mRNA and protein expression of oxidative phosphorylation components, and enhanced mitochondria! density/area even though the leucine-treated tumour had a higher number of apoptotic nuclei with increased oxidative stress. In summary, a leucine-rich diet directed Walker-256 tumour metabolism to a less glycolytic phenotype profile in which these metabolic alterations were associated with a decrease in tumour aggressiveness and reduction in the number of metastatic sites in rats fed a diet supplemented with this branched-chain amino acid.9CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESPSem informação302863/2013-3; 302425/2016-92012/06955-0; 2014/13334-7; 2015/21890-0; 2017/02739-

Estudos sobre o efeito glicogenolitico do dinitrofenol

Orientador : Aldo Focesi JuniorTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de BiologiaResumo: O mecanismo do efeito glicogenolítico do dinitroferol foi estudado em músculo esquelético e em corações, onde este efeito pareceu bem evidente. As hipóteses do efeito indireto da droga através de seus produtos de redução no fígado ou através do aumento na produção de catecolaminas nos animais, foram afastadas. Os dados experimentais que indicaram aumento do conteúdo de fosforilase a através da maior atividade da fosforilase b quinase, bem como os níveis de denosina trifosfato e Glicose-6-fosfato, diminuídos nos primeiros minutos da ação da droga, proporcionaram uma explicação para o seu efeito nestas condições iniciais. Assim, o efeito do Dinitroferol sobre a Adenosina trifosfatase condicionava os baixos níveis de Adenosina trifosfato, que por sua vez promoviam aumento da atividade da fosfofrutoquinase e conseqüentemente baixos níveis de Glicose-6-fosfato na célula. Nestas condições a fosforilase b quinase tinha sua ação (Glicose-6-fosfato é inibidor da enzima), e os níveis de fosforilase a foram encontrados elevados. Após certo tempo de ação da droga, os níveis de Glicose-6-fosfato voltam ao normal enquanto que os níveis desta última enzima continuam aumentados. Neste caso parece, a exemplo de outros desacopladores da fosforilação oxidativa, que o Dinitroferol condiciona acúmulo de íons 'CA POT. ++' em compartimentos celulares, onde a fosforilase b quinase está preferencialmente alojada, proporcionando aumento de sua atividade... Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digitalAbstract; Not informed.DoutoradoDoutor em Ciências Biológica

Transporte de Ca+t por mitocondria : caracteristicas do efluxo induzido pelo estado oxidado dos nucleotideos de piridina mitocondriais

Tese (livre docencia) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de BiologiaResumo: O efluxo de 'CA POT. 2+' mitocondrial é estimulado pelo estado oxidado de NADP mitocondrial. Em mitocondria não energizada uma completa oxidação de NAD e NADP pode ser induzida por oxaloacetato ou acetoacetato enquanto que em mitocondria energizada estes substratos oxidam exclusivamente NAD. Esta diferença deve-se ao efeito do potencial protônico de membrana gerado pela respiração ou hidrólise de ATP sobre a constante de equilíbrio da reação catalizada pela enzima NAD(P)-transidrogenase. No último caso o efluxo de 'CA POT. 2+' não é estimulado pelos referidos oxidantes. O efluxo de 'CA POT. 2+' mitocondrial induzido por 'NADP POT. +' é necessariamente associado ao efluxo de 'MG POT. 2+' e nucleotídeos de adenina endógenos mediado pelo transportador especifico uma vez que "bongkrekato", inibidor especifico deste transportador, inibe tanto o efluxo de nucleotídeos de adenina como de 'CA POT. 2+'. A diminuição no título de grupamentos -SH de membrana mitocondrial que acompanha a oxidação de NADP, bem como a similaridade entre as características do efluxo de 'CA POT. 2+' induzida por 'NADP POT. +' e diamida (oxidante de grupos -SH) indicam o envolvimento destes no mecanismo. Ambos, oxidação de NADP e diamida induzem aumento de pequena amplitude no volume mitocondrial que também é sensível a "bongkrekato". Estes resultados indicam que o efluxo de 'CA POT. 2+' mitocondrial induzido por 'NADP POT. +' está associado a alterações conformacionais da mitocondria resultantes da oxidação de grupamentos -SH da membrana em equilíbrio de óxido-redução com NADP através do sistema enzimático glutationa redutase/glutationa peroxidaseAbstract: Mitochondrial 'CA POT. 2+' -efflux is stimulated by the oxidized state of mitochondrial NADP. In deenergized mitochondria either oxaloacetate or acetoacetate can induce a full oxidation of both NAD and NADP whereas in energized mitochondria these substrates oxidize NAD only. This difference is due to the effect of the membrane pH gradiente generated by respiration or ATP hydrolysis on the energy-linked NAD(P)-transhydrogenase reaction. When mitochondria are energized 'CA POT. 2+' efflux is not stimulated by oxaloacetate or acetoacetate. The mitochondrial 'CA POT. 2+' efflux induced by 'NADP POT. +' is associated to the efflux of 'MG POT. 2+' and adenine nucleotides through the adenine nucleotides translocase since the specific inhibition of this enzyme by bongkrekate blocks both adenine nucleotides and 'CA POT. 2+' efflux. The decrease in the titer of membrane bound -SH groups following NADP oxidation as well as the similarity between the characteristics of 'CA POT. 2+' efflux induced by 'NADP POT. +' and diamide (-SH oxidant) indicates the participation of thiol groups in this rnechanism. Both, NADP oxidation and diamide induce bongkrekate-sensitive low amplitude mitochondrial swelling. These results indicate that the 'NADP POT. +' -induced 'CA POT. 2+' efflux from mitochondria is correlated to mitochondrial configuration transition induced by the oxidation of membrane bound -SH groups in redox equilibrium with mitochondrial NADP through the reactions catalyzed by the enzymes glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidaseTese (livre docencia) - UniverLivre Docente em Biologia Funcional e Molecula

Plant uncoupling mitochondrial proteins

Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) are membrane proteins that mediate purine nucleotide-sensitive free fatty acid-activated H(+) flux through the inner mitochondrial membrane. After the discovery of UCP in higher plants in 1995, it was acknowledged that these proteins are widely distributed in eukaryotic organisms. The widespread presence of UCPs in eukaryotes implies that these proteins may have functions other than thermogenesis. In this review, we describe the current knowledge of plant UCPs, including their discovery, biochemical properties, distribution, gene family, gene expression profiles, regulation of gene expression, and evolutionary aspects. Expression analyses and functional studies on the plant UCPs under normal and stressful conditions suggest that UCPs regulate energy metabolism in the cellular responses to stress through regulation of the electrochemical proton potential (Delta mu(H)+) and production of reactive oxygen species

Sterol methenyl transferase inhibitors alter the ultrastructure and function of the Leishmania amazonensis mitochondrion leading to potent growth inhibition

10 p. : il.We describe here the effects of Δ 24(25) sterol methenyl transferase inhibitors (SMTI) on promastigote and axenic amastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis. When these cells were exposed to 20-piperidin-2-yl-5α-pregnan-3β-20-diol (22,26-azasterol; AZA), hydrazone-imidazol-2-yl-5α-pregnan- 3b-ol (IMI), 20-hydrazone-pyridin-2-yl-5a-pregnan-3β-ol (PYR) or 24(R,S),25-epiiminolanosterol (EIL), a concentration- and time-dependent inhibition of growth was observed, with IC50 values in the submicromolar range. Ultrastructural alterations in treated cells were mainly observed in the mitochondrion, which displayed an intense swelling and a reduction of the electron density of the matrix with remarkable changes in the inner mitochondrial membranes. Mitochondrial transmembrane electric potential (DW) was measured using spectrophotometric methods in control and treated promastigotes permeabilized with digitonin. After energization with the substrates for complexes I, II or IV of the respiratory chain, it was possible to detect marked changes of DW in promastigotes treated with 1 lM of the SMTI for 48 or 72 h when compared with normal cells, indicating that these compounds led to the loss of the energy-transducing properties of the mitochondrial inner membrane, probably related to the alteration of its lipid composition. The present study confirms these findings, showing that in Leishmania amazonensis the mitochondrial complex appears to be the first organelle affected after treatment with different SMTI

Genetic parameters for production traits of dairy Gyr (Bos indicus) x Holstein cattle estimated with a random regression model

A total of 104,135 test-day records from 13,314 first lactations of daily Gyr x Holstein cows were used. Test-day yields of milk, fat and protein were analyzed using a three-trait random regression model. Heritabilities for daily milk, fat and protein yield ranged from 0.12 to 0.24, 0.13 to 0.21 and 0.12 to 0.26, respectively. For daily yields, the additive genetic correlations ranged from 0.38 to 0.99 (milk), 0.25 to 0.99 (fat) and 022 to 0.99 (protein) and were higher among adjacent test days, decreasing gradually with increasing distance between days of lactation. The additive genetic correlations between the traits at different stages of lactation were high (always > 0.70). The heritabilities for cumulative yield and persistency were 0.21 and 0.14 (milk), 024 and 0.16 (fat) and 0.20 and 0.18 (protein), respectively. The additive genetic correlations for cumulative yield were 0.96 (milk-fat), 0.93 (milk-protein) and 0.90 (fat-protein), and those for persistency were 0.73 (milk-fat), 0.85 (milk-protein) and 0.87 (fat-protein). The correlations between cumulative yield and persistency were negative, but low, for the three traits studied. The random regression model proposed in this study can be applied to the genetic evaluation of dairy Gyr (Bos indiais) cattle using test-day yields rather than the traditional estimates of cumulative yield. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Inhibition of Macrophage Oxidative Stress Prevents the Reduction of ABCA-1 Transporter Induced by Advanced Glycated Albumin

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)We investigated the role of aminoguanidine and benfotiamine on the inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in macrophages induced by advanced glycated albumin (AGE-albumin) and its relationship with cell cholesterol homeostasis, emphasizing the expression of the ATP binding cassette transporter A-1 (ABCA-1). AGE-albumin was made by incubating fatty acid-free albumin with 10 mM glycolaldehyde. ROS production and ABCA-1 protein level were determined by flow cytometry in J774 macrophages treated along time with control (C) or AGE-albumin alone or in the presence of aminoguanidine or benfotiamine. Mitochondrial function was evaluated by oxygraphy. Compared to C-albumin, AGE-albumin increased ROS production in macrophages, which was ascribed to the activities of NADPH oxidase and of the mitochondrial system. Mitochondrial respiratory chain activity was reduced in cells incubated with AGE-albumin. ROS generation along time was associated with the reduction in macrophage ABCA-1 protein level. Aminoguanidine prevented ROS elevation and restored the ABCA-1 content in macrophages; on the other hand, benfotiamine that promoted a lesser reduction in ROS generation was not able to restore ABCA-1 levels. Inhibition of oxidative stress induced by AGE-albumin prevents disturbances in reverse cholesterol transport by curbing the reduction of ABCA-1 elicited by advanced glycation in macrophages and therefore may contribute to the prevention of atherosclerosis in diabetes mellitus.475443450Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Inhibition of Macrophage Oxidative Stress Prevents the Reduction of ABCA-1 Transporter Induced by Advanced Glycated Albumin

We investigated the role of aminoguanidine and benfotiamine on the inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in macrophages induced by advanced glycated albumin (AGE-albumin) and its relationship with cell cholesterol homeostasis, emphasizing the expression of the ATP binding cassette transporter A-1 (ABCA-1). AGE-albumin was made by incubating fatty acid-free albumin with 10 mM glycolaldehyde. ROS production and ABCA-1 protein level were determined by flow cytometry in J774 macrophages treated along time with control (C) or AGE-albumin alone or in the presence of aminoguanidine or benfotiamine. Mitochondrial function was evaluated by oxygraphy. Compared to C-albumin, AGE-albumin increased ROS production in macrophages, which was ascribed to the activities of NADPH oxidase and of the mitochondrial system. Mitochondrial respiratory chain activity was reduced in cells incubated with AGE-albumin. ROS generation along time was associated with the reduction in macrophage ABCA-1 protein level. Aminoguanidine prevented ROS elevation and restored the ABCA-1 content in macrophages; on the other hand, benfotiamine that promoted a lesser reduction in ROS generation was not able to restore ABCA-1 levels. Inhibition of oxidative stress induced by AGE-albumin prevents disturbances in reverse cholesterol transport by curbing the reduction of ABCA-1 elicited by advanced glycation in macrophages and therefore may contribute to the prevention of atherosclerosis in diabetes mellitus.Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP)Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq)FAPESP, BrazilFAPESP (Brazil

Serum-Starved Apoptotic Fibroblasts Reduce Blastocyst Production but Enable Development to Term after SCNT in Cattle

Cell cycle synchronization by serum starvation (SS) induces apoptosis in somatic cells. This side effect of SS is hypothesized to negatively affect the outcome of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). We determined whether apoptotic fibroblasts affect SCNT yields. Serum-starved, adult, bovine fibroblasts were stained with annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide to allow apoptosis detection by flow cytometry. Positive and negative cells sorted by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) and an unsorted control group were used as nuclear donors for SCNT. Reconstructed embryos were cultured in vitro and transferred to synchronized recipients. Apoptosis had no effect on fusion and cleavage rates; however, it resulted in reductions in blastocyst production and quality measured by apoptotic index. However, reconstructed embryos with apoptotic cells resulted in pregnancy rates similar to that of the control on day 30, and generated one live female calf. In conclusion, we showed that apoptotic cells present in serum-starved cultures negatively affect embryo production after SCNT without compromising full-term development. Further studies will evaluate the ability of the oocyte to reprogram cells in specific phases of apoptosis.State of Sao Paulo (FAPESP), Brazi

Assessing genetic architecture and signatures of selection of dual purpose Gir cattle populations using genomic information

<div><p>Gir is one of the main cattle breeds raised in tropical South American countries. Strong artificial selection through its domestication resulted in increased genetic differentiation among the countries in recent years. Over the years, genomic studies in Gir have become more common. However, studies of population structure and signatures of selection in divergent Gir populations are scarce and need more attention to better understand genetic differentiation, gene flow, and genetic distance. Genotypes of 173 animals selected for growth traits and 273 animals selected for milk production were used in this study. Clear genetic differentiation between beef and dairy populations was observed. Different criteria led to genetic divergence and genetic differences in allele frequencies between the two populations. Gene segregation in each population was forced by artificial selection, promoting isolation, and increasing genetic variation between them. Results showed evidence of selective forces in different regions of the genome. A total of 282 genes were detected under selection in the test population based on the fixation index (Fst), integrated haplotype score (iHS), and cross-population extend haplotype homozygosity (XP-EHH) approaches. The QTL mapping identified 35 genes associated with reproduction, milk composition, growth, meat and carcass, health, or body conformation traits. The investigation of genes and pathways showed that quantitative traits associated to fertility, milk production, beef quality, and growth were involved in the process of differentiation of these populations. These results would support further investigations of population structure and differentiation in the Gir breed.</p></div