Экологическое воспитание студентов вузов

В статье раскрываются теоретические основы экологического воспитания студентов и особенности экологического воспитания: формирование экологических представлений; развитие экологического сознания и чувств; формирование убеждений в необходимости экологической деятельности; выработка навыков и привычек поведения в природе. The article describes the theoretical foundations of environmental education students and especially environmental education: the formation of environmental performances; the development of ronmental consciousness and feelings; the formation of beliefs in the necessity of environmental performance; develop the skills and habits of behavior in nature

Synthesis, Biodistribution and In vitro Evaluation of Brain Permeable High Affinity Type 2 Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists [11C]MA2 and [18F]MA3

Abstract The type 2 cannabinoid receptor (CB2) is a member of the endocannabinoid system and is known for its important role in (neuro)inflammation. A PET-imaging agent that allows in vivo visualization of CB2 expression may thus allow quantification of neuroinflammation. In this paper, we report the synthesis, radiosynthesis, biodistribution and in vitro evaluation of a carbon-11 ([11C]MA2) and a fluorine-18 ([18F]MA3) labeled analogue of a highly potent N-arylamide oxadiazole CB2 agonist (EC50 = 0.015 nM). MA2 and MA3 behaved as potent CB2 agonist (EC50: 3 nM and 0.1 nM, respectively) and their in vitro binding affinity for hCB2 was found to be 87 nM and 0.8 nM, respectively. Also MA3 (substituted with a fluoro ethyl group) was found to have higher binding affinity and EC50 values when compared to the originally reported trifluoromethyl analogue 12. [11C]MA2 and [18F]MA3 were successfully synthesized with good radiochemical yield, high radiochemical purity and high specific activity. In mice, both tracers were efficiently cleared from blood and all major organs by the hepatobiliary pathway and importantly these compounds showed high brain uptake. In conclusion, [11C]MA2 and [18F]MA3 are shown to be high potent CB2 agonists with good brain uptake, these favorable characteristics makes them potential PET probes for in vivo imaging of brain CB2 receptors. However in view of its higher affinity and selectivity, further detailed evaluation of MA3 as a PET tracer for CB2 is warranted

Radioiodinated Phenylalkyl Malonic Acid Derivatives as pH-Sensitive SPECT Tracers

pH imaging has been a field of interest for molecular imaging for many years. This is especially important for determining tumor acidity, an important driving force of tumor invasion and metastasis formation, but also in the process of apoptosis.I]IPM was evaluated in an anti-Fas monoclonal antibody (mAb) apoptosis model. In addition a mouse RIF-1 tumor model was explored in which tumor pH was decreased from 7.0 to 6.5 by means of induction of hyperglycemia in combination with administration of meta-iodobenzylguanidine.I]IPM showed a clear pH-related uptake pattern in the RIF-1 tumor model. which allows to visualize regional acidosis. However, these compounds are not suitable for detection of apoptosis due to a poor acidosis effect

811-1 Evolution of Left Ventricular Function, Myocardial Perfusion and Metabolism in Infarct Patients After Coronary Thrombolysis

Follow-up of regional myocardial blood flow, metabolism and function was studied in a population of thrombolysed patients. Fifty one patients with an acute myocardial infarction were prospectively enrolled. All patients received thrombolytic therapy within 6 hours after the onset of symptoms. Coronary angiography, 2D-echocardiography and 13NH3/18FDG PET were performed 5 days after the acute event. Three months after the infarction, 2D-echocardiography and 13NH3/18FDG PET studies were repeated.Thirty six patients (62% with TIMI III, 7% with TIMI II) revealed a concordant decrease of flow and metabolism in the infarct area (PET match). Fifteen patients (33% with TIMI III, 13% with TIMI II) revealed a decrease of flow with preservation of metabolism (PET mismatch). Twelve patients received further treatment (PTCA or CAGB) after the first PET scan. Myocardial blood flow improved significantly in both match (71±17ml/min/l00g at 3 months versus 60±17ml/min/100 g at 5 days, p<0.01) and mismatch groups (71±26ml/min/l00 g at 3 months versus 63 ±18ml/min/100 g at 5 days, p<0.05). Blood flow in remote areas did not change significantly (84±18mllmin/l 00 g at 3 months versus 82±19ml/min/l 00 gat 5 days, p=NS). In 4 patients with a match pattern at 5 days, a mismatch pattern had developed 3 months after the acute event.Functional follow-up was performed in 30 patients, 23 with a match pattern and 7 with a mismatch pattern. A variable outcome was observed: In 3 out of 7 mismatch areas contractility did not improve. On the contrary, 9 out of 23 match areas revealed functional improvement.It can be concluded that in this population of early thrombolysed patients, few mismatches were observed (29%). Flow values improved significantly in both match and mismatch groups 3 months after the acute event. In some patients, a mismatch pattern was found after 3 months, suggesting the need for further treatment. Functional outcome was variable, probably due to a variety of pathophysiologic processes such as stunning shortly after reperfusion with functional improvement after 3 months, reocclusion or progression of coronary artery disease resulting in reinfarction or hibernation

Development and biological evaluation of 99mTc-sulfonamide derivatives for in? vivo visualization of CA IX as surrogate tumor hypoxia markers

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Apoptosis Imaging to Monitor Cancer Therapy: The Road to Fast Treatment Evaluation?

Molecular imaging of biological processes may allow detection of therapy effects before the tumor is reduced in size. The most frequently used PET tracer in oncology, 2-[F-18]fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG), suffers from low specificity due to uptake in inflammatory cells. The proliferation marker, 3'-[F-18]fluoro-3'-deoxy-L-thymidine (FLT), is less influenced by the inflammatory response following therapy but here disease-and drug-specific effects need to be considered. Since cancer therapy mainly intends to eliminate cancer cells, imaging of cell death offers a direct way to image therapy response. This review gives an overview of the radiopharmaceutical development and in vivo evaluation of radio-ligands that have emerged so far for detection and assessment of apoptosis and necrosis. Two radiopharmaceuticals that can image cell death have made it to clinical trials for follow up of tumor treatment: i) Tc-99m-and I-123-labelled AnxA5 for the response to treatment of for example lymphoma and lung cancer and ii) F-18-ML10 for the evaluation of brain tumors post-radiation. Other agents need further optimization