Investigation Of Acute Toxicity Of Synthetic Pyrethroids Fenvalerate In Fish Oreochromis Mossambicus

Acute toxicity of synthetic pyrethroids fenvalerate in fish tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus investigated in the present study. The static renewal test method of acute toxicity was used. The experiments were repeated 3 times and the 96-h LC50 was determined for the, Oreochromis mossambicus. The data obtained from the acute toxicity test were evaluated using the probit analysis statistical method, developed by USEPA. The 96-h LC50 value for fenvalerate in fish Oreochromis mossambicus was found to be 30.885 ppb. Behavioural alterations were studied during the exposure period

Genotoxic effect of nickel chloride and zinc sulphate on fish Hypophthalmichthys molitrix

The present investigation is to assess the genotoxic potential of nickel chloride and zinc sulphate on gill cells of silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix. Fishes were exposed in sublethal concentration of nickel chloride 5. 7 mg/1 and zinc sulphate 6.8 mg/1, and sampled at 10, 20 and 30 days. Nickel chloride and zinc sulphate treated fishes exhibited an apparent increase in the aberration frequency and a decrease in the mitotic index as compared to control. Acentric fragment, chromatid break, endoreduplication, chromatid gap, centromeric fusion, ploidy, sticky plate, dicentric chromosome, clumping and partial sticky plates were some of the abnormalities observed. The chromosomal aberrations in the treated fishes were significant compared to control

Seamless Vertical Handoff using Invasive Weed Optimization (IWO) algorithm for heterogeneous wireless networks

AbstractHeterogeneous wireless networks are an integration of two different networks. For better performance, connections are to be exchanged among the different networks using seamless Vertical Handoff. The evolutionary algorithm of invasive weed optimization algorithm popularly known as the IWO has been used in this paper, to solve the Vertical Handoff (VHO) and Horizontal Handoff (HHO) problems. This integer coded algorithm is based on the colonizing behavior of weed plants and has been developed to optimize the system load and reduce the battery power consumption of the Mobile Node (MN). Constraints such as Receiver Signal Strength (RSS), battery lifetime, mobility, load and so on are taken into account. Individual as well as a combination of a number of factors are considered during decision process to make it more effective. This paper brings out the novel method of IWO algorithm for decision making during Vertical Handoff. Therefore the proposed VHO decision making algorithm is compared with the existing SSF and OPTG methods

Design of an Intelligent Controller for Armature Controlled DC Motor using Fuzzy Logic Technique

This paper presents a fuzzy control approach to the speed control of DC shunt motor using armature control. This paper presents concept of development of conventional controller and the design of a fuzzy logic controller applicable to DC Motor Speed Control System (MSCS) with high performance of the FL controller. Since armature voltage supply has a major influence in controlling speed, therefore one of the inputs to the proposed FL Controller will be actual armature voltage supply (Va) while another input will be error (e) in speed. The transfer function model of the DC shunt motor has been obtained via experimentation and calculations and simulated and then as per requirement and specification, the proposed fuzzy logic controller has been designed and simulated using Fuzzy Logic and Simulink Toolboxes of MATLAB 7. Results show robustness against changing loading conditions

A QUALITY ASSESSMENT STUDY ON THE EAST COAST ROAD OF TAMIL NADU, INDIA

A QUALITY ASSESSMENT STUDY ON THE EAST COAST ROAD OF TAMIL NADU, INDI

INTERACTION OF ICHNOCARPUS FRUTESCENS WITH BIOGENIC AMINES FOR ITS ANTI-DEPRESSANT ACTIVITY

The research interest has focused on various herbs that possess antidepressant properties and may be useful adjuncts in helping the management of depression in humans. The present study was therefore designed to investigate the antidepressant-like effects of methanol leaf extract of Ichnocarpus frutescens in animal models of depression. The mice were divided in to different groups and treated with two different doses of methanol extracts (200 & 400 mg/kg), same doses of extracts with different antagonist of 5HT, NA & DA (Ondansetran, Terazosin & Chlorpromazine) and standard groups treated with imipramine 10mg/kg. All groups of animals were separately submitted to forced swim test (FST), and Tail suspension test (TST) tests for the bio-screening of leaf extract with antidepressant profile. Results revealed that the immobility time in the FST & TST was significantly reduced with extracts alone and extracts with Chlorpromazine treated group compared to negative control. There is no significant reduction in immobility time was observed particularly in rats orally administered extracts with Ondansetran & Terazosin when compared with their respective controls. Thus, it is suggested that methanol leaf extract of Ichnocarpus frutescens exhibited significant antidepressant-like effects in animal models of depression and may be served as a potential resource for natural psychotherapeutic agent, against depression and its may act mostly through modifying serotonergic and noradrenergic neurons

Antimicrobial Studies on Epidermal Mucus of Fish Anabas Testudineus

The present investigation was conducted to find out the antimicrobial, hemolytic activity and protein content of fish epidermal mucus and their chemical constituents from Anabas testudineus. The in vitro hemolytic activity were analyzed and the antimicrobial activity against human pathogens (Bacteria) were determined by agar well diffusion methods. Epidermal mucus sample protein was analyzed by (Thin layer chromatography and SDS-PAGE). Totally thirteen human pathogens were tested against the fish mucus. Out of thirteen pathogens five pathogens have proved to be sensitive to the mucus. The average value of maximum zone of inhibition was observed against K. pneumonia (15.17±0.09mm) > P. vulgaris (13.2±0.17mm) > E. lentum (12.43±0.18mm) > MRSA (11.37±0.32mm) > S. aureus (10.5±0.11mm). The percentage of haemolysis for lyophilized sample shows more hemolytic activity. The amount of protein present in the mucus for Lyophilized sample: 3.61 g/dL, for Rotavac sample: 1.08 g/dL. The present inspection were revealed that positive progresses in the fish mucus extracts hostile to human pathogen (Bacteria) and the hemolytic activity, also the simple population of proteins (SDS PAGE) and the (TLC) reveals the presence of amino acids and peptides. Further efforts are required for the isolation of the active antimicrobial compounds in order to establish their possible applications

Sociobiological Control of Plasmid copy number

Background:
All known mechanisms and genes responsible for the regulation of plasmid replication lie with the plasmid rather than the chromosome. It is possible therefore that there can be copy-up mutants. Copy-up mutants will have within host selective advantage. This would eventually result into instability of bacteria-plasmid association. In spite of this possibility low copy number plasmids appear to exist stably in host populations. We examined this paradox using a computer simulation model.

Model:
Our multilevel selection model assumes a wild type with tightly regulated replication to ensure low copy number. A mutant with slightly relaxed replication regulation can act as a “cheater” or “selfish” plasmid and can enjoy a greater within-host-fitness. However the host of a cheater plasmid has to pay a greater cost. As a result, in host level competition, host cell with low copy number plasmid has a greater fitness. Furthermore, another mutant that has lost the genes required for conjugation was introduced in the model. The non-conjugal mutant was assumed to undergo conjugal transfer in the presence of another conjugal plasmid in the host cell.

Results:
The simulatons showed that if the cost of carrying a plasmid was low, the copy-up mutant could drive the wild type to extinction or very low frequencies. Consequently, another mutant with a higher copy number could invade the first invader. This process could result into an increasing copy number. However above a certain copy number within-host selection was overcompensated by host level selection leading to a rock-paper-scissor (RPS) like situation. The RPS situation allowed the coexistence of high and low copy number plasmids. The non-conjugal “hypercheaters” could further arrest the copy numbers to a substantially lower level.

Conclusions:
These sociobiological interactions might explain the stability of copy numbers better than molecular mechanisms of replication regulation alone

Electrochemistry at nanoscale electrodes : individual single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and SWNT-templated metal nanowires

Individual nanowires (NWs) and native single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) can be readily used as well-defined nanoscale electrodes (NSEs) for voltammetric analysis. Here, the simple photolithography-free fabrication of submillimeter long Au, Pt, and Pd NWs, with sub-100 nm heights, by templated electrodeposition onto ultralong flow-aligned SWNTs is demonstrated. Both individual Au NWs and SWNTs are employed as NSEs for electron-transfer (ET) kinetic quantification, using cyclic voltammetry (CV), in conjunction with a microcapillary-based electrochemical method. A small capillary with internal diameter in the range 30–70 μm, filled with solution containing a redox-active mediator (FcTMA+ ((trimethylammonium)methylferrocene), Fe(CN)64–, or hydrazine) is positioned above the NSE, so that the solution meniscus completes an electrochemical cell. A 3D finite-element model, faithfully reproducing the experimental geometry, is used to both analyze the experimental CVs and derive the rate of heterogeneous ET, using Butler–Volmer kinetics. For a 70 nm height Au NW, intrinsic rate constants, k0, up to ca. 1 cm s–1 can be resolved. Using the same experimental configuration the electrochemistry of individual SWNTs can also be accessed. For FcTMA+/2+ electrolysis the simulated ET kinetic parameters yield very fast ET kinetics (k0 > 2 ± 1 cm s–1). Some deviation between the experimental voltammetry and the idealized model is noted, suggesting that double-layer effects may influence ET at the nanoscale