The role of land cover in the climate of glacial Europe

Earth system models show wide disagreement when simulating the climate of the continents at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). This disagreement may be related to a variety of factors, including model resolution and an incomplete representation of Earth system processes. To assess the importance of resolution and land–atmosphere feedbacks on the climate of Europe, we performed an iterative asynchronously coupled land–atmosphere modelling experiment that combined a global climate model, a regional climate model, and a dynamic vegetation model. The regional climate and land cover models were run at high (18 km) resolution over a domain covering the ice-free regions of Europe. Asynchronous coupling between the regional climate model and the vegetation model showed that the land–atmosphere coupling achieves quasi-equilibrium after four iterations. Modelled climate and land cover agree reasonably well with independent reconstructions based on pollen and other paleoenvironmental proxies. To assess the importance of land cover on the LGM climate of Europe, we performed a sensitivity simulation where we used LGM climate but present-day (PD) land cover. Using LGM climate and land cover leads to colder and drier summer conditions around the Alps and warmer and drier climate in southeastern Europe compared to LGM climate determined by PD land cover. This finding demonstrates that LGM land cover plays an important role in regulating the regional climate. Therefore, realistic glacial land cover estimates are needed to accurately simulate regional glacial climate states in areas with interplays between complex topography, large ice sheets, and diverse land cover, as observed in Europe

Instrumento para medir los Factores que mejoran la Ejecución Oportuna de las Obras Públicas por Administración Directa.

Due to the goodness that the venture presents of being recognized worldwide as a driver of the economy, it is important to carry out studies on the validity and reliability of the applied measurement instruments, for this reason, the present investigation is of a quantitative approach of an exploratory type. – descriptive that aims to determine the content validity and reliability of an instrument to measure the Factors that improve the Timely Execution of Public Works by Direct Administration. Comprehending the questionnaire in the review of the literature of four independent variables and one dependent, likewise, the validity of the content, context and criteria were carried out. To determine the reliability, 18 surveys were applied as a preliminary test and having to analyze the data using the Cronbach's Alpha statistical method. The results show a pertinent and reliable measurement instrument where scores of more than 0.90 were obtained in all the variables, which is why it is considered a valid instrument that can be applied to measure similar variables in future research.Debido a la bondad que presenta el emprendimiento de ser reconocido a nivel mundial como un impulsor de la economía, es importante realizar estudios sobre la validez y confiabilidad de los instrumentos de medición aplicados, por ello, la presente investigación es de enfoque cuantitativo de tipo exploratorio – descriptivo que tiene como objetivo determinar la validez de contenido y confiabilidad de un instrumento para medir los Factores que mejoran la Ejecución Oportuna de las Obras Públicas por Administración Directa. Comprendiendo el cuestionario en la revisión de la literatura de cuatro variables independientes y una dependiente, así mismo, se realizó la validez del contenido, de contexto y de criterio. Para determinar la fiabilidad se aplicaron 18 encuestas como prueba preliminar y teniendo para analizar los datos al método estadístico de Alpha de Cronbach. Los resultados muestran un instrumento de medición pertinente y confiable en donde se obtuvieron puntuaciones de más de 0.90 en todas las variables, por lo que se considera un instrumento válido y que puede ser aplicado para medir variables similares en futuras investigaciones

La inteligencia emocional y su influencia en la gestión personal y productiva de los microempresarios / Emotional intelligence and its influence on the personal and production management microentrepreneurs

En varias oportunidades se observan limitaciones en la gestión de determinados microempresarios del cantón Milagro, provincia del Guayas, Ecuador, que distan de mejores resultados que otros obtienen, esto generó un proceso de investigación cuyo objetivo fue ofrecer a los microempresarios una oportunidad de optimizar su gestión mediante el conocimiento y aplicación de la inteligencia emocional. La investigación se llevó a cabo en base a la perspectiva metodológica del modelo hipotético-deductivo, analítico-sintético e histórico-lógico y el tipo de investigación de carácter exploratoria. En vista que no se cuenta con suficientes estudios locales sobre el tema investigado, se determinó una muestra idónea de 317 personas que fueron encuestadas. Los resultados revelaron que el microempresario del cantón Milagro conoce de los beneficios de las competencias emocionales y esto se constituye en un terreno fértil para plantear la estructuración de estrategias que permitan la utilización y el fortalecimiento de la Inteligencia Emocional por parte de ellos. La estructuración de estrategias de inteligencia emocional permitirá el fortalecimiento de los microempresarios del Cantón Milagro, aspirando que el resultado del presente trabajo se lo pueda replicar en cantones con características similares, esto enmarcado en un proceso de Responsabilidad Social. Abstract On several occasions limitations observed in the management of certain entrepreneurs, canton Milagro, Guayas Province, Ecuador, who are far better than others obtained, this generated a process of investigation whose objective was to offer entrepreneurs an opportunity to optimize your through knowledge management and application of emotional intelligence. The research was carried out based on the methodological perspective of the hypothetical-deductive, analytic-synthetic and historical logic model and the type of research exploratory character. Given that there are sufficient local studies on the subject investigated, a suitable sample of 317 people who were surveyed was determined. The results revealed that the entrepreneur knows the canton Milagro benefits of emotional competencies and this becomes a fertile ground for raising structuring strategies to the use and strengthening of Emotional Intelligence by them. The structure of emotional intelligence strategies designed to build microentrepreneurs Milagro canton, aiming that the result of this work would be replicated in counties with similar characteristics, framed in a process of Social Responsibility

An Environmental Watch System for the Andean Countries: El Observatorio Andino

An experimental Environmental Watch System, the so-called Observatorio Andino (OA), has been implemented in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Chile over the past 2 yr. The OA is a collaborative and regional network that aims to monitor several environmental variables and develop accurate forecasts based on different scientific tools. Its overall goal is to improve risk assessments, set up early warning systems, support decision-making processes, and provide easily and intuitively understandable spatial maps to end users. The initiative works under the scientific and logistic coordination of the Centro de Modelado Científico (CMC) at Zulia University, Venezuela, and the Centro Internacional para la Investigación del Fenómeno “El Niño” (CIIFEN), and it is operated at a local level by the national weather services (NWSs) of the above-mentioned six Andean nations. The OA provides several freely available model outputs, including meteorological and hydrological forecasts, droughts, fire and flood indices, ecosystems dynamics, climate and health applications, and 5-day high-resolution oceanographic predictions for the eastern Pacific. This article briefly describes the current products, methodologies, and dynamical and statistical modeling outputs provided by the OA. Also, a discussion on how these sets of tools have been put together as a coordinated scientific watch and forecast system for each country and for the entire region is presented. Our experiences over the past 2 yr suggest that this initiative would significantly improve the current decision-making processes in Andean countries

The impact of surgical delay on resectability of colorectal cancer: An international prospective cohort study

AIM: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has provided a unique opportunity to explore the impact of surgical delays on cancer resectability. This study aimed to compare resectability for colorectal cancer patients undergoing delayed versus non-delayed surgery. METHODS: This was an international prospective cohort study of consecutive colorectal cancer patients with a decision for curative surgery (January-April 2020). Surgical delay was defined as an operation taking place more than 4 weeks after treatment decision, in a patient who did not receive neoadjuvant therapy. A subgroup analysis explored the effects of delay in elective patients only. The impact of longer delays was explored in a sensitivity analysis. The primary outcome was complete resection, defined as curative resection with an R0 margin. RESULTS: Overall, 5453 patients from 304 hospitals in 47 countries were included, of whom 6.6% (358/5453) did not receive their planned operation. Of the 4304 operated patients without neoadjuvant therapy, 40.5% (1744/4304) were delayed beyond 4 weeks. Delayed patients were more likely to be older, men, more comorbid, have higher body mass index and have rectal cancer and early stage disease. Delayed patients had higher unadjusted rates of complete resection (93.7% vs. 91.9%, P = 0.032) and lower rates of emergency surgery (4.5% vs. 22.5%, P < 0.001). After adjustment, delay was not associated with a lower rate of complete resection (OR 1.18, 95% CI 0.90-1.55, P = 0.224), which was consistent in elective patients only (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.69-1.27, P = 0.672). Longer delays were not associated with poorer outcomes. CONCLUSION: One in 15 colorectal cancer patients did not receive their planned operation during the first wave of COVID-19. Surgical delay did not appear to compromise resectability, raising the hypothesis that any reduction in long-term survival attributable to delays is likely to be due to micro-metastatic disease

Análisis técnico y económico del diseño de una plataforma adsl2+ para Pacifictel en el sector de la vía a daule y estudio del marco regulatorio de las telecomunicaciones hacia un entorno de convergencia

Se realiza un estudio técnico para el análisis de implementación de una red adsl2+ en el sector de la vía a daule, para lo cual se expone la descripción del lugar y la planimetría de red secundaria existente en dicha zona cuyo núcleo principal es la central telefónica mapasingue donde se realizaron pruebas técnicas específicas para comprobar el estado actual de las líneas de cobre, identificando los principales problemas que afectan al cableado en la zona y la posible solución para poder brindar servicios de triple play. se presenta un análisis económico de la solución propuesta tomando en cuenta diferentes métodos de evaluación económica, a través de un análisis de costos y beneficios, estudios de recuperación de la inversión realizada y un análisis de la rentabilidad del proyecto.GuayaquilIngeniero en Electrónica y Telecomunicacione

The role of ice-sheet topography in the Alpine hydro-climate at glacial times

In this study, we investigate the sensitivity of the glacial Alpine hydro-climate to northern hemispheric and local ice-sheet changes. Bridging the scale gap by using a chain of global and regional climate models, we perform sensitivity simulations of up to 2 km horizontal resolution over the Alps for the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and the Marine Isotope Stage 4 (MIS4). In winter, we find wetter conditions in the southern part of the Alps during LGM compared to present day, to which dynamical processes, i.e. changes in the wind speed and direction, contribute substantially. During summer, we find the expected drier conditions in most of the Alpine region during LGM, as thermodynamics suggests drier conditions under lower temperatures. The MIS4 climate shows enhanced winter precipitation compared to the LGM, which is explained by its warmer climate compared to the LGM - thus, again explained by thermodynamics. The sensitivity simulations of the northern hemispheric ice-sheet changes show that an increase of the ice-sheet thickness leads to a significant intensification of glacial Alpine hydro-climate conditions, which is mainly explained by dynamical processes. Changing only the Fennoscandian ice sheet is less influential on the Alpine precipitation, whereas modifications in the local Alpine ice-sheet topography significantly alter the Alpine precipitation; in particular, we find a reduction of summer precipitation at the southern face of the Alps when lowering the Alpine ice sheet. The findings demonstrate that the northern hemispheric and local ice-sheet topography play an important role in regulating the Alpine hydro-climate and thus permits a better understanding of the precipitation patterns in the complex Alpine terrain at glacial times.ISSN:1814-9324ISSN:1814-933