Propuesta de metodología de diseño, observación y cálculo de redes topográficas para la construcción de túneles de gran longitud para ferrocarriles de alta velocidad

En los últimos años se han venido realizando proyectos de túneles de gran longitud para ferrocarriles de alta velocidad de gran importancia tanto en España como en el resto del Mundo, no existiendo una metodología que comprenda toda las actuaciones que hay que llevar a cabo dentro del campo de la geodesia y topografía a la hora de ejecutar un proyecto de esta envergadura. Existen además proyectos futuros en los que se tienen que construir túneles de gran longitud. La finalidad de esta propuesta que se desarrolla es la de definir una metodología que satisfaga plenamente las necesidades topográficas y geodésicas para la realización de un proyecto de las características mencionadas en el párrafo anterior. Para ello se han revisado los conceptos geodésicos y topográficos así como la instrumentación requerida, métodos de observación, cálculos y análisis de resultados. Se ha realizado un análisis de los sistemas geodésicos de referencia y su influencia en este tipo de proyectos. Además, se han efectuado estudios sobre la geometría y observación de las redes en el exterior e interior de los túneles, separando la determinación altimétrica de la planimétrica, todo ello a fin de obtener una metodología adecuada y optimizada. Se ha elaborado un estudio sobre la influencia de los residuos de las transformaciones entre sistemas geodésicos de referencia en las redes observadas y compensadas. Se han desarrollado simulaciones en función de distintas variables como pueden ser: tiempos de observación, longitudes de túneles, geometría de las redes e instrumental utilizado. La validez de la propuesta es confirmada por los resultados obtenidos y de su análisis se deducen un conjunto de experiencias y recomendaciones que pueden ayudar a la toma de decisiones en materia de túneles para ferrocarriles de alta velocidad

Modelos de Refracción Astronómica

Se resumen en esta monografía la teoría básica sobre refracción astronómica para ser aplicada a observaciones topográficas a astros. Se comentan también los diferentes modelos matemáticos existentes hasta la fecha

Metodología de diseño, observación y cálculo de redes geodésicas exteriores para túneles de gran longitud = Methedology for designing, observing and computing external geodetic networks of long lengths tunnels

RESUMEN: La realización de túneles de gran longitud para ferrocarriles ha adquirido un gran auge en los últimos años. En España se han abordado proyectos de estas características, no existiendo para su ejecución una metodología completa y contrastada de actuación. Las características geométricas, de observación y de trabajo en túneles hace que las metodologías que se aplican en otros proyectos de ingeniería no sean aplicables por las siguientes causas: separación de las redes exteriores e interiores de los túneles debido a la diferente naturaleza de los observables, geometría en el interior siempre desfavorable a los requerimientos de observación clásica, mala visibilidad dentro del túnel, aumento de errores conforme avanza la perforación, y movimientos propios del túnel durante su ejecución por la propia geodinámica activa. Los patrones de observación geodésica usados deben revisarse cuando se ejecutan túneles de gran longitud. Este trabajo establece una metodología para el diseño de redes exteriores. ABSTRACT: The realization of long railway tunnels has acquired a great interest in recent years. In Spain it is necessary to address projects of this nature, but ther is no corresponding methodological framework supporting them. The tunnel observational and working geometrical properties, make that former methodologies used may be unuseful in this case: the observation of the exterior and interior geodetical networks of the tunnel is different in nature. Conditions of visibility in the interior of the tunnels, regardless of the geometry, are not the most advantageous for observation due to the production system and the natural conditions of the tunnels. Errors increase as the drilling of the tunnel progresses, as it becomes problematical to perform continuous verifications along the itinerary itself. Moreover, inherent tunnel movements due to active geodynamics must also be considered. Therefore patterns for geodetic and topographic observations have to be reviewed when very long tunnels are constructed

Integration of Correlation Processes in Design Systems.

The integration of correlation processes in design systems has as a target measurements in 3D directly and according to the users criteria in order to generate the required database for the development of the project. In the phase of photogrammetric works, internal and external orientation parameters are calculated and stereo models are created from standard images. The aforementioned are integrated in the system where the measurement of the selected items is done by applying developed correlation algorithms. The processing period has the tools to carry out the calculations in an easy and automatic way, as well as image measurement techniques to acquire the most correct information. The proposed software development is done on Visual Studio platforms for PC, applying the most apt codes and symbols according to the terms of reference required for the design. The results of generating the data base in an interactive way with the geometric study of the structures, facilitates and improves the quality of the works in the projects

Geodetic network design and strategies followed for drilling a 25 km tunnel for high speed railway in Spain

During the last years several large high-speed railway tunnels have been built in Spain. To solve these projects, technical and scientific problems have been solved from the geodetic and surveying point of view. These studies have allowed us to set a methodology that optimizes the performance of this kind of works in the world of Civil Engineering. We have applied our studies to the Tunnels of Pajares that are the second longest ones in Spain with a total longitude of about 25 km. The studies summarize the design of the geodetic networks to support the guidance of the TBMs used as well as the election of the observations to be done, the instrumental to be used and the observation and computation procedures to be followed. A special emphasis has been taken into account for the treatment of the uncertainty of the coordinates, displacements and breakthrough obtained during the drilling tasks. The article shows the results obtained and the conclusions that can be followed in order to successfully complete a similar project

Spatial Estimation of Sub-Hour Global Horizontal Irradiance Based on Official Observations and Remote Sensors.

This study was motivated by the need to improve densification of Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) observations, increasing the number of surface weather stations that observe it, using sensors with a sub-hour periodicity and examining the methods of spatial GHI estimation (by interpolation) with that periodicity in other locations. The aim of the present research project is to analyze the goodness of 15-minute GHI spatial estimations for five methods in the territory of Spain (three geo-statistical interpolation methods, one deterministic method and the HelioSat2 method, which is based on satellite images). The research concludes that, when the work area has adequate station density, the best method for estimating GHI every 15 min is Regression Kriging interpolation using GHI estimated from satellite images as one of the input variables. On the contrary, when station density is low, the best method is estimating GHI directly from satellite images. A comparison between the GHI observed by volunteer stations and the estimation model applied concludes that 67% of the volunteer stations analyzed present values within the margin of error (average of +-2 standard deviations)

Sea Bottom Classification by Means of Bathymetric LIDAR Data

Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) provides high horizontal and vertical resolution of spatial data located in point cloud images, and is increasingly being used in a number of applications and disciplines, which have concentrated on the exploit and manipulation of the data using mainly its three dimensional nature. Bathymetric LIDAR systems and data are mainly focused to map depths in shallow and clear waters with a high degree of accuracy. Additionally, the backscattering produced by the different materials distributed over the bottom surface causes that the returned intensity signal contains important information about the reflection properties of these materials. Processing conveniently these values using a Simplified Radiative Transfer Model, allows the identification of different sea bottom types. This paper presents an original method for the classification of sea bottom by means of information processing extracted from the images generated through LIDAR data. The results are validated using a vector database containing benthic information derived by marine surveys

El guiado de ls tuneladoras de los túneles de Pajares

Se explica en este capítulo la metodología y sistemas de guiado empleados en la realización de los túneles de Alta Velocidad de la variante de Pajares, así como los trabajos geodésicos y topográficos, redes utilizadas, sistemas de observación, cálculo de las redes geodésicas, desplazamientos errores y cierres

Assessment of Underground Wine Cellars Using Geographic Information Technologies

Geographic information technologies (GIT) are essential to many fields of research, such as the preservation and dissemination of cultural heritage buildings, a category which includes traditional underground wine cellars. This article presents a methodology based on research carried out on this type of rural heritage building. The data were acquired using the following sensors: EDM, total station, close-range photogrammetry and laser scanning, and subsequently processed with a specific software which was verified for each case, in order to obtain a satisfactory graphic representation of these underground wine cellars. Two key aspects of this work are the accuracy of the data processing and the visualization of these traditional constructions. The methodology includes an application for geovisualizing these traditional constructions on mobile devices in order to contribute to raising awareness of this unique heritage

Web 2.0 en Topografía, Cartografía y Fotogrametría

La metodología 2.0 que desarrollamos se basa en la colaboración, compartiendo y trabajando en grupo, con la revisión permanente del entorno de enseñanza-aprendizaje en el ámbito de la Tecnologías de la Información Geográfica