861 research outputs found
Extracción de características de medio y alto nivel semántico para anotación y clasificación de vídeos de noticias de televisión
Shape-Programmed Nanofabrication: Understanding the Reactivity of Dichalcogenide Precursors
Dialkyl and diaryl dichalcogenides are highly versatile and modular precursors for the synthesis of colloidal chalcogenide nanocrystals. We have used a series of commercially available dichalcogenide precursors to unveil the molecular basis for the outcome of nanocrystal preparations, more specifically, how precursor molecular structure and reactivity affect the final shape and size of II-VI semiconductor nanocrystals. Dichalcogenide precursors used were diallyl, dibenzyl, di-tert-butyl, diisopropyl, diethyl, dimethyl, and diphenyl disulfides and diethyl, dimethyl, and diphenyl diselenides. We find that the presence of two distinctively reactive C-E and E-E bonds makes the chemistry of these precursors much richer and interesting than that of other conventional precursors such as the more common phosphine chalcogenides. Computational studies (DFT) reveal that the dissociation energy of carbon-chalcogen (C-E) bonds in dichalcogenide precursors (R-E-E-R, E = S or Se) increases in the order (R): diallyl \u3c dibenzyl \u3c di-tert-butyl \u3c diisopropyl \u3c diethyl \u3c dimethyl \u3c diphenyl. The dissociation energy of chalcogen-chalcogen (E-E) bonds remains relatively constant across the series. The only exceptions are diphenyl dichalcogenides, which have a much lower E-E bond dissociation energy. An increase in C-E bond dissociation energy results in a decrease in R-E-E-R precursor reactivity, leading to progressively slower nucleation and higher selectivity for anisotropic growth, all the way from dots to pods to tetrapods. Under identical experimental conditions, we obtain CdS and CdSe nanocrystals with spherical, elongated, or tetrapodal morphology by simply varying the identity and reactivity of the dichalcogenide precursor. Interestingly, we find that precursors with strong C-E and weak E-E bond dissociation energies such as Ph-S-S-Ph serve as a ready source of thiol radicals that appear to stabilize small CdE nuclei, facilitating anisotropic growth. These CdS and CdSe nanocrystals have been characterized using structural and spectroscopic methods. An intimate understanding of how molecular structure affects the chemical reactivity of molecular precursors enables highly predictable and reproducible synthesis of colloidal nanocrystals with specific sizes, shapes, and optoelectronic properties for customized applications
Multishell Au/Ag/SiO2 Nanorods with Tunable Optical Properties as Single Particle Orientation and Rotational Tracking Probes
Three-layer core-shell plasmonic nanorods (Au/Ag/SiO2-NRs), consisting of a gold nanorod core, a thin silver shell, and a thin silica layer, were synthesized and used as optical imaging probes under a differential interference contrast microscope for single particle orientation and rotational tracking. The localized surface plasmon resonance modes were enhanced upon the addition of the silver shell, and the anisotropic optical properties of gold nanorods were maintained. The silica coating enables surface functionalization with silane coupling agents and provides enhanced stability and biocompatibility. Taking advantage of the longitudinal LSPR enhancement, the orientation and rotational information of the hybrid nanorods on synthetic lipid bilayers and on live cell membranes were obtained with millisecond temporal resolution using a scientific complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor camera. The results demonstrate that the as-synthesized hybrid nanorods are promising imaging probes with improved sensitivity and good biocompatibility for single plasmonic particle tracking experiments in biological systems
The temporal evolution of the energy flux across scales in homogeneous turbulence
A temporal study of energy transfer across length scales is performed in 3D
numerical simulations of homogeneous shear flow and isotropic turbulence. The
average time taken by perturbations in the energy flux to travel between scales
is measured and shown to be additive. Our data suggests that the propagation of
disturbances in the energy flux is independent of the forcing and that it
defines a `velocity' that determines the energy flux itself. These results
support that the cascade is, on average, a scale-local process where energy is
continuously transmitted from one scale to the next in order of decreasing
size.Comment: Accepted for publication as a Letter in Physics of Fluid
Cu2ZnSnS4−Au Heterostructures: Toward Greener Chalcogenide- Based Photocatalysts
Chalcogenide-based semiconductor-metal heterostructures are interesting catalysts for solar-to-chemical energy conversion, but current compositions are impractical due to the relative toxicity and/or scarcity of their constituent elements. To address these concerns, Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) emerged as an interesting alternative to other chalcogenide-based semiconductors; however, the fabrication of CZTS metal heterostructures remains unexplored. In this paper, we systematically explore four methods of synthesizing CZTS-Au heterostructures, specifically: reaction of CZTS nanorods with either a soluble molecular gold precursor (AuCl3) or preformed gold (Au) nanoparticles, each under thermal (heating in the dark) or photochemical reaction conditions (350 nm lamp illumination at room temperature). We find that using AuCl3 under thermal deposition conditions results in the most well-defined CZTS-Au heterostructures, containing \u3e99% surface-bound 2.1 ± 0.5 nm Au islands along the whole length of the nanorod. These CZTS-Au heterostructures are photocatalytically active, reducing the model compound methylene blue upon irradiation much more effectively than bare CZTS nanorods. We also demonstrate the removal of Au from the CZTS-Au heterostructures by amalgamation. These results open up a new area of greener, CZTS-based photocatalysts for solar-to-chemical energy conversion
Templated Synthesis and Chemical Behavior of Nickel Nanoparticles within High Aspect Ratio Silica Capsules
One-dimensional transition metal nanostructures are of interest in many magnetic and catalytic applications. Using a combination of wet chemical synthesis, optical (infrared), and structural characterization methods (powder X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy), we have investigated four paths to access 1D nickel nanostructures: (1) direct chemical reduction of a self-assembled nickel-hydrazine coordination complex, (2) thermal decomposition of the silica encapsulated nickel-hydrazine complex, (3) treatment of the silica encapsulated nickel-hydrazine complex with sodium borohydride followed by thermal annealing, and (4) electroless nickel plating using silica encapsulated nickel seed particles. We find that only route 1, which does not require a silica template, results in the formation of nickel nanorods, albeit some particle aggregation is observed. Routes 2 and 3 result in the formation of isotropic nickel structures under a reducing atmosphere. Route 4 results in heterogeneous nucleation and growth of existing particles only when partial etching of the silica capsule occurs. Detailed examination of the encapsulated nickel particles allows studying the effect of silica surface silanols on the oxidation of encapsulated nickel particles, the presence of nanoparticle-silica support interactions, the sintering mechanism of nickel and nickel oxide particles, and the fate of boride impurities. Nickel/silica nanostructures are strongly magnetic at room temperature
Synthetic Development of Low Dimensional Materials
In this invited paper, we highlight some of our most recent work on the synthesis of low dimensional nanomaterials. Current graduate students and members of our group present four specific case systems: Nowotny–Juza phases, nickel phosphides, germanium-based core/shells, and organolead mixed-halide perovskites. Each system is accompanied by commentary from the student involved, which explains the motivation behind their work, as well as a protocol detailing the key experimental considerations involved in their synthesis. We trust these and similar efforts will help further advance our understanding of the broader field of synthetic nanomaterials chemistry, while, at the same time, highlighting how important this area is to the development of new materials for technologically relevant applications
Desarrollo de una aplicacion educativa para Android con potencias de diez
En este proyecto proponemos la creación de una aplicación para dispositivos móviles
Android que muestre de una manera visual la magnitud de los elementos del universo.
Partiremos de la imagen de una mano y llegaremos hasta un elemento tan pequeño
como un quark o tan grande como cualquier elemento conocido del universo.
A través de la aplicación también puedes acceder a los mapas de Google, los cuales
pueden dar una idea de cómo se ve la zona en la que estas en ese momento desde
baja altura. A través de los demás módulos, se pueden ver las imágenes tomadas
desde más altura y las tomadas con microscopios de gran capacidad.
El sistema nos permite movernos entre los distintos módulos y dentro de ellos a través
de unos botones colocados para ello. Cada uno de ellos solo estará activo cuando sea
necesario y en el resto de casos quedarán visibles pero sin posibilidad de utilizarlos.
La aplicación, proporciona una gran cantidad de información de cada escala dentro de
las potencias de diez, haciendo similitudes con objetos más familiares. Además, se
incluyen enlaces a wikipedia para poder ampliar la información de algunos de los
términos que se utilizan en las descripciones.
Todo esto, no tiene más que un objetivo concreto, toda la aplicación estará diseñada
para servir como elemento de ayuda a la educación. Proporcionando al usuario el
máximo de información posible en cada módulo de ésta.Ingeniería Técnica en Informática de Gestió
Axial composition gradients and phase segregation regulate the aspect ratio of Cu2ZnSnS4 nanorods
Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) is a promising material for solar energy conversion, but synthesis of phase-pure, anisotropic CZTS nanocrystals remains a challenge. We demonstrate that the initial concentration (loading) of cationic precursors has a dramatic effect on the morphology (aspect ratio) and composition (internal architecture) of hexagonal wurtzite CZTS nanorods. Our experiments strongly indicate that Cu is the most reactive of the metal cations; Zn is next, and Sn is the least reactive. Using this reactivity series, we are able to purposely fine-tune the morphology (dots versus rods) and degree of axial phase segregation of CZTS nanocrystals. These results will improve our ability to fabricate CZTS nanostructures for photovoltaics and photocatalysis
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