940 research outputs found
Exact String Solutions in 2+1-Dimensional De Sitter Spacetime
Exact and explicit string solutions in de Sitter spacetime are found. (Here,
the string equations reduce to a sinh-Gordon model). A new feature without flat
spacetime analogy appears: starting with a single world-sheet, several (here
two) strings emerge. One string is stable and the other (unstable) grows as the
universe grows. Their invariant size and energy either grow as the expansion
factor or tend to constant. Moreover, strings can expand (contract) for large
(small) universe radius with a different rate than the universe.Comment: 11 pages, Phyzzx macropackage used, PAR-LPTHE 92/32. Revised version
with a new understanding of the previous result
Optimal streaks in a Falkner-Skan boundary layer
This paper deals with the optimal streaky perturbations (which maximize the
perturbed energy growth) in a wedge flow boundary layer. These three
dimensional perturbations are governed by a system of linearized boundary layer
equations around the Falkner-Skan base flow. Based on an asymptotic analysis of
this system near the free stream and the leading edge singularity, we show that
for acute wedge semi-angle, all solutions converge after a streamwise transient
to a single streamwise-growing solution of the linearized equations, whose
initial condition near the leading edge is given by an eigenvalue problem first
formulated in this context by Tumin (2001). Such a solution may be regarded as
a streamwise evolving most unstable streaky mode, in analogy with the usual
eigenmodes in strictly parallel flows, and shows an approximate
self-similarity, which was partially known and is completed in this paper. An
important consequence of this result is that the optimization procedure based
on the adjoint equations heretofore used to define optimal streaks is not
necessary. Instead, a simple low-dimensional optimization process is proposed
and used to obtain optimal streaks. Comparison with previous results by Tumin
and Ashpis (2003) shows an excellent agreement. The unstable streaky mode
exhibits transient growth if the wedge semi-angle is smaller than a critical
value that is slightly larger than , and decays otherwise. Thus the
cases of right and obtuse wedge semi-angles exhibit less practical interest,
but they show a qualitatively different behavior, which is briefly described to
complete the analysis
String Instabilities in Black Hole Spacetimes
We study the emergence of string instabilities in - dimensional black
hole spacetimes (Schwarzschild and Reissner - Nordstr\o m), and De Sitter space
(in static coordinates to allow a better comparison with the black hole case).
We solve the first order string fluctuations around the center of mass motion
at spatial infinity, near the horizon and at the spacetime singularity. We find
that the time components are always well behaved in the three regions and in
the three backgrounds. The radial components are {\it unstable}: imaginary
frequencies develop in the oscillatory modes near the horizon, and the
evolution is like , , near the spacetime
singularity, , where the world - sheet time , and the
proper string length grows infinitely. In the Schwarzschild black hole, the
angular components are always well - behaved, while in the Reissner - Nordstr\o
m case they develop instabilities inside the horizon, near where the
repulsive effects of the charge dominate over those of the mass. In general,
whenever large enough repulsive effects in the gravitational background are
present, string instabilities develop. In De Sitter space, all the spatial
components exhibit instability. The infalling of the string to the black hole
singularity is like the motion of a particle in a potential
where depends on the spacetime
dimensions and string angular momentum, with for Schwarzschild and
for Reissner - Nordstr\o m black holes. For the
string ends trapped by the black hole singularity.Comment: 26pages, Plain Te
Multi-String Solutions by Soliton Methods in De Sitter Spacetime
{\bf Exact} solutions of the string equations of motion and constraints are
{\bf systematically} constructed in de Sitter spacetime using the dressing
method of soliton theory. The string dynamics in de Sitter spacetime is
integrable due to the associated linear system. We start from an exact string
solution and the associated solution of the linear system , and we construct a new solution differing from
by a rational matrix in with at least four
poles . The periodi-
city condition for closed strings restrict to discrete values
expressed in terms of Pythagorean numbers. Here we explicitly construct solu-
tions depending on -spacetime coordinates, two arbitrary complex numbers
(the 'polarization vector') and two integers which determine the string
windings in the space. The solutions are depicted in the hyperboloid coor-
dinates and in comoving coordinates with the cosmic time . Despite of
the fact that we have a single world sheet, our solutions describe {\bf multi-
ple}(here five) different and independent strings; the world sheet time
turns to be a multivalued function of .(This has no analogue in flat space-
time).One string is stable (its proper size tends to a constant for , and its comoving size contracts); the other strings are unstable (their
proper sizes blow up for , while their comoving sizes tend to cons-
tants). These solutions (even the stable strings) do not oscillate in time. The
interpretation of these solutions and their dynamics in terms of the sinh-
Gordon model is particularly enlighting.Comment: 25 pages, latex. LPTHE 93-44. Figures available from the auhors under
reques
Strings Next To and Inside Black Holes
The string equations of motion and constraints are solved near the horizon
and near the singularity of a Schwarzschild black hole. In a conformal gauge
such that ( = worldsheet time coordinate) corresponds to the
horizon () or to the black hole singularity (), the string
coordinates express in power series in near the horizon and in power
series in around . We compute the string invariant size and
the string energy-momentum tensor. Near the horizon both are finite and
analytic. Near the black hole singularity, the string size, the string energy
and the transverse pressures (in the angular directions) tend to infinity as
. To leading order near , the string behaves as two dimensional
radiation. This two spatial dimensions are describing the sphere in the
Schwarzschild manifold.Comment: RevTex, 19 pages without figure
Strings in Cosmological and Black Hole Backgrounds: Ring Solutions
The string equations of motion and constraints are solved for a ring shaped
Ansatz in cosmological and black hole spacetimes. In FRW universes with
arbitrary power behavior [R(X^0) = a\;|X^0|^{\a}\, ], the asymptotic form of
the solution is found for both and and we plot the
numerical solution for all times. Right after the big bang (), the
string energy decreasess as and the string size grows as for . Very
soon [ ] , the ring reaches its oscillatory regime with frequency
equal to the winding and constant size and energy. This picture holds for all
values of \a including string vacua (for which, asymptotically, \a = 1).
In addition, an exact non-oscillatory ring solution is found. For black hole
spacetimes (Schwarzschild, Reissner-Nordstr\oo m and stringy), we solve for
ring strings moving towards the center. Depending on their initial conditions
(essentially the oscillation phase), they are are absorbed or not by
Schwarzschild black holes. The phenomenon of particle transmutation is
explicitly observed (for rings not swallowed by the hole). An effective horizon
is noticed for the rings. Exact and explicit ring solutions inside the
horizon(s) are found. They may be interpreted as strings propagating between
the different universes described by the full black hole manifold.Comment: Paris preprint PAR-LPTHE-93/43. Uses phyzzx. Includes figures. Text
and figures compressed using uufile
From the WZWN Model to the Liouville Equation: Exact String Dynamics in Conformally Invariant AdS Background
It has been known for some time that the SL(2,R) WZWN model reduces to
Liouville theory. Here we give a direct and physical derivation of this result
based on the classical string equations of motion and the proper string size.
This allows us to extract precisely the physical effects of the metric and
antisymmetric tensor, respectively, on the {\it exact} string dynamics in the
SL(2,R) background. The general solution to the proper string size is also
found. We show that the antisymmetric tensor (corresponding to conformal
invariance) generally gives rise to repulsion, and it precisely cancels the
dominant attractive term arising from the metric.
Both the sinh-Gordon and the cosh-Gordon sectors of the string dynamics in
non-conformally invariant AdS spacetime reduce here to the Liouville equation
(with different signs of the potential), while the original Liouville sector
reduces to the free wave equation. Only the very large classical string size is
affected by the torsion. Medium and small size string behaviours are unchanged.
We also find illustrative classes of string solutions in the SL(2,R)
background: dynamical closed as well as stationary open spiralling strings, for
which the effect of torsion is somewhat like the effect of rotation in the
metric. Similarly, the string solutions in the 2+1 BH-AdS background with
torsion and angular momentum are fully analyzed.Comment: 24 pages including 4 postscript figures. Enlarged version including a
section on string solutions in 2+1 black hole background. To be published in
Phys. Rev. D., December 199
Quantum String Dynamics in the conformal invariant SL(2,R) WZWN Background: Anti-de Sitter Space with Torsion
We consider classical and quantum strings in the conformally invariant
background corresponding to the SL(2,R) WZWN model. This background is locally
anti-de Sitter spacetime with non-vanishing torsion. Conformal invariance is
expressed as the torsion being parallelized. The precise effect of the
conformal invariance on the dynamics of both circular and generic classical
strings is extracted. In particular, the conformal invariance gives rise to a
repulsive interaction of the string with the background which precisely cancels
the dominant attractive term arising from gravity. We perform both
semi-classical and canonical string-quantization, in order to see the effect of
the conformal invariance of the background on the string mass spectrum. Both
approaches yield that the high-mass states are governed by m sim HN (N,`large
integer'), where m is the string mass and H is the Hubble constant. It follows
that the level spacing grows proportionally to N: d(m^2 alpha')/dN sim N, while
the entropy goes like: S sim sqrt{m}. Moreover, it follows that there is no
Hagedorn temperature,so that the partition function is well defined at any
positive temperature. All results are compared with the analogue results in
Anti- de Sitter spacetime, which is a non conformal invariant background.
Conformal invariance simplifies the mathematics of the problem but the physics
remains mainly unchanged. Differences between conformal and non-conformal
backgrounds only appear in the intermediate region of the string spectrum, but
these differences are minor. For low and high masses, the string mass spectra
in conformal and non-conformal backgrounds are identical. Interestingly enough,
conformal invariance fixes the value of the spacetime curvature to be -69/(26
alpha').Comment: Latex file, 23 pages, no figure
Back Reaction of Strings in Self-Consistent String Cosmology
We compute the string energy-momentum tensor and {\bf derive} the string
equation of state from exact string dynamics in cosmological spacetimes.
and -dimensional universes are treated for any expansion factor
. Strings obey the perfect fluid relation with
three different behaviours: (i) {\it Unstable} for with
growing energy density , {\bf negative} pressure, and ; (ii){\it Dual} for , with , {\bf positive} pressure and (as radiation); (iii) {\it
Stable} for with , {\bf vanishing}
pressure and (as cold matter). We find the back reaction effect
of these strings on the spacetime and we take into account the quantum string
decay through string splitting. This is achieved by considering {\bf
self-consistently} the strings as matter sources for the Einstein equations, as
well as for the complete effective string equations. String splitting
exponentially suppress the density of unstable strings for large . The
self-consistent solution to the Einstein equations for string dominated
universes exhibits the realistic matter dominated behaviour for large times and the radiation dominated behaviour for early times. De Sitter universe does not emerge as
solution of the effective string equations. The effective string action
(whatever be the dilaton, its potential and the central charge term) is not the
appropriate framework in which to address the question of string driven
inflation.Comment: 29 pages, revtex, LPTHE-94-2
Assessing the Feasibility of Removing Graffiti from Railway Vehicles Using Ultra-Freezing Air Projection
[EN] Unauthorised graffiti is a challenge in urban environments, affecting railway structures, stations, tracks, and vehicles. Inefficient cleaning methods increase the costs and downtime of railcars, limiting passenger transport. In turn, they are harmful to the operator¿s health and the environment, due to the VOCs they release. This study focuses on the feasibility of dry-ice blasting, replacing carbon dioxide with ambient air as an innovative and sustainable solution to remove graffiti from rail vehicles. Experimental tests have been carried out with 13 different aerosols, controlling the temperature (<¿80 °C), pressure (up to 3 bar), projection distance (0.5 cm) and exposure times (30¿/1¿/2¿/4¿/6¿/8¿/++). The results showed that ultra-freezing with ambient air preserved the integrity of the support materials and altered the topography, colourimetry and adhesion of the aerosols tested, achieving the total removal of one of the paints. Preliminary results suggest that ultra-freezing with ambient air could be a viable and sustainable solution for graffiti removal on railway structures, transferable to other urban environments.The authors would like to acknowledge the support received for this research from the Vice-Rectorate for Research of the Polytechnic University of Valencia (PAID-11-22), grant number PID2022-139433OB-I00, as well as the collaboration with Istobal S.A., facilitated by the ISTOBAL Chair of the Polytechnic University of Valencia (UPV). In addition, the authors would like to express their gratitude to CEICE-GVA and its grant Programme for Doctoral Studies (CIACIF/2021/404), funded by the European Union.Vega-Bosch, A.; Santamarina-Campos, V.; Bosch-Roig, P.; López-Carrillo, JA.; Dolz, V.; Sánchez Pons, M. (2024). Assessing the Feasibility of Removing Graffiti from Railway Vehicles Using Ultra-Freezing Air Projection. Applied Sciences. 14(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/app14104165141
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