Concentric “microwaves” of Henle's fiber layer: Associated with horizontal folding

Concentric “microwaves” in Henle's fiber layer are found in a case of extensive horizontal folding in the fundus due to tumor pressure on the globe from behind. In addition to horizontal folding of inner choroid and inner retina between disk and fovea, somewhat irregular vertical folds are found next to the fovea in the inner retinal layers. The concentric waves of Henle's fiber layer are a new observation and they are suspected to be a protective adjustment of the central retina to minimize distortion of the foveola. Konzentrische Mikrowellen in Henle's Faserschicht werden in einem Fall von horizontaler Faeltelung im Augenhintergrund bei Tumordruck von hinten dargestellt. Zusätzlich zu horizontalen Falten der Aderhaut und Netzhaut zwischen Sehnerv und Fovea werden leicht unregelmäßige vertikale Falten der inneren Netzhaut im Foveabereich gefunden. Die konzentrischen Mikrowellen in Henle's Faserschicht sind eine neue Beobachtung und dieselben könnten eine mechanische Anpassung der zentralen Netzhaut zur Vermeidung von Verzerrung der Fovea darstellen.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/47370/1/417_2004_Article_BF00407774.pd

Ultrastructural changes of the intracellular surfactant pool in a rat model of lung transplantation-related events

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, involved in primary graft dysfunction following lung transplantation, leads to inactivation of intra-alveolar surfactant which facilitates injury of the blood-air barrier. The alveolar epithelial type II cells (AE2 cells) synthesize, store and secrete surfactant; thus, an intracellular surfactant pool stored in lamellar bodies (Lb) can be distinguished from the intra-alveolar surfactant pool. The aim of this study was to investigate ultrastructural alterations of the intracellular surfactant pool in a model, mimicking transplantation-related procedures including flush perfusion, cold ischemia and reperfusion combined with mechanical ventilation.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Using design-based stereology at the light and electron microscopic level, number, surface area and mean volume of AE2 cells as well as number, size and total volume of Lb were determined in a group subjected to transplantation-related procedures including both I/R injury and mechanical ventilation (I/R group) and a control group.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>After I/R injury, the mean number of Lb per AE2 cell was significantly reduced compared to the control group, accompanied by a significant increase in the luminal surface area per AE2 cell in the I/R group. This increase in the luminal surface area correlated with the decrease in surface area of Lb per AE2. The number-weighted mean volume of Lb in the I/R group showed a tendency to increase.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We suggest that in this animal model the reduction of the number of Lb per AE2 cell is most likely due to stimulated exocytosis of Lb into the alveolar space. The loss of Lb is partly compensated by an increased size of Lb thus maintaining total volume of Lb per AE2 cell and lung. This mechanism counteracts at least in part the inactivation of the intra-alveolar surfactant.</p

Developing the Questionnaire

AbstractThis chapter outlines the essential topics for developing and testing a questionnaire for a discrete choice experiment survey. It addresses issues such as the description of the environmental good, pretesting of the survey, incentive compatibility, consequentiality or mitigation of hypothetical bias. For the latter, cheap talk scripts, opt-out reminders or an oath script are discussed. Moreover, the use of instructional choice sets, the identification of protest responses and strategic bidders are considered. Finally, issues related to the payment vehicle and the cost vector design are the subject of this section

Regulation of Plasma Membrane Nano-Domains of the Water Channel Aquaporin-3 Revealed by Fixed and Live Photoactivated Localization Microscopy

Several aquaporin (AQP) water channels are short-term regulated by the messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), including AQP3. Bulk measurements show that cAMP can change diffusive properties of AQP3; however, it remains unknown how elevated cAMP affects AQP3 organization at the nanoscale. Here we analyzed AQP3 nano-organization following cAMP stimulation using photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM) of fixed cells combined with pair correlation analysis. Moreover, in live cells, we combined PALM acquisitions of single fluorophores with single-particle tracking (spt-PALM). These analyses revealed that AQP3 tends to cluster and that the diffusive mobility is confined to nanodomains with radii of ∼150 nm. This domain size increases by ∼30% upon elevation of cAMP, which, however, is not accompanied by a significant increase in the confined diffusion coefficient. This regulation of AQP3 organization at the nanoscale may be important for understanding the mechanisms of water AQP3-mediated water transport across plasma membranes

Prenatal detection of orofacial clefts in Denmark from 2009 to 2018

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the overall and type-specific prenatal detection rates (DRs) of orofacial clefts in a national cohort in Denmark.METHODS: This study was based on data from the Danish Fetal Medicine Database (DFMD) and included all fetuses and children from singleton pregnancies diagnosed with an orofacial cleft pre- and/or postnatally between 2009 and 2018. The types of clefts included uni-, bilateral or median cleft lip (CL); uni-, bilateral or median cleft lip with secondary cleft palate (CLP); and cleft palate (CP). The clefts were grouped as cleft lip with and without cleft palate (CL(P)) or as all clefts. All cases with discordance between pre- and postnatal diagnoses were validated in the local patient files (Astraia). Cases with no prenatal validation of the postnatal diagnosis were marked as undetected. Cases with a strong prenatal presumption of a cleft were registered as prenatally detected. Terminations and intrauterine deaths were registered as true positives despite no autopsy had been performed. Live-born cases with a prenatal diagnosis, but without a postnatal validation, were excluded.RESULTS: A total of 994 cases were included in the study. The prevalence of orofacial clefts was 1.7/1,000 births. There were no differences in baseline characteristics between the detected and undetected cases. The DR of CL(P) was 71.7% (95% CI 64.8;78.9) with an increase from 60.0% in 2009 to 73.0% in 2018 (p=0.018). The type-specific DRs for the entire period were: unilateral CL 56.4% (95% CI 45.0;67.6); unilateral CLP 76.6% (95% CI 71.7;82.9); bilateral CL 70.5% (95% CI 52.1;87.6); bilateral CLP 82.3% (95% CI 70.6;93.6); median CL 0.0% (0/6); median CLP 75.0% (3/4); and CP 3.3% (95% CI 0.6;5.7). A total of 20.9% (208/994) of the cases had associated findings, of which 33.2% (69/208) were genetic aberrations.CONCLUSION: The DR of CL(P) has improved in Denmark in the last decade. The DR of CLP is high, with the highest DR in bilateral CLP. However, the prenatal detection of cleft palate remains a challenge. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.</p