microRNA. Diagnostic Perspective

Biomarkers are biological measures of a biological state. An ideal marker should be safe and easy to measure, cost efficient, modifiable with treatment, and consistent across gender and ethnic groups. To date, none of the available biomarkers satisfy all of these criteria. In addition, the major limitations of these markers are low specificity, sensitivity, and false positive results. Recently identified, microRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, evolutionarily conserved small non-coding RNA (about 22-25 nt long), also known as micro-coordinators of gene expression, which have been shown to be an effective tools to study the biology of diseases and to have great potential as novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers with high specificity and sensitivity. In fact, it has been demonstrated that miRNAs play a pivotal role in the regulation of a wide range of developmental and physiological processes and their deficiencies have been related to a number of disease. In addition, miRNAs are stable and can be easily isolated and measured from tissues and body fluids. In this review, we provide a perspective on emerging concepts and potential usefulness of miRNAs as diagnostic markers, emphasizing the involvement of specific miRNAs in particular tumor types, subtypes, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, infectious diseases, and forensic test

Animal Models of Human Pathology 2012

[No abstract available

role of micrornas in the molecular diagnosis of cancer

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are evolutionarily conserved, endogenous, small non-coding RNA molecules of about 22 nucleotides in length that function as posttranscriptional gene regulators. They are involved in numerous cellular processes including development, cell differentiation, cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. There is increasing evidence to show that miRNAs are mutated or differentially expressed in many types of cancer and specific functions of the miRNAs are now becoming apparent. Here we discuss the current literature on potential usefulness of miRNAs as diagnostic markers, emphasizing the involvement of specific miRNAs in particular tumor types, highlighting their potential role in distinguishing benign from malignant tissues and/or the different subtypes of the same tumor and/or in diagnosis and classification of tumor of unknown origin

Femtosecond laser surface structuring of silicon with Gaussian and optical vortex beams

We report an experimental analysis of femtosecond laser induced surface structuring of silicon by exploiting both Gaussian and Optical Vortex beams. In particular, we show how different surface patterns, consisting of quasi-periodic ripples and grooves, can be obtained by using different states of polarization offered by optical vortex beams. Both for Gaussian and optical vortex beams, an increase of the number of laser pulses, N, or beam energy, E-0, leads to a progressive predominance of the grooves coverage, with ripples confined in specific regions of the irradiated area at lower fluence. The average period of ripples and grooves shows a different dependence as a function of both E-0 and N, underlying important differences in mechanisms leading to the formation of ripples and grooves. In particular, our experimental characterization allows identifying a preliminary stage of grooves generation with rudimental surface structures, preferentially directed parallel to the laser polarization. This supports the idea that one possible mechanism of grooves formation lies in the progressive aggregation of clusters of nanopartides densely decorating the ripples. Our experimental findings provide important indications on the basic understanding of the processes involved in laser surface structuring with ultrashort pulses that can guide the design of the surface patterns. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Role of yUbp8 in Mitochondria and Hypoxia Entangles the Finding of Human Ortholog Usp22 in the Glioblastoma Pseudo-Palisade Microlayer

KAT Gcn5 and DUB Ubp8 are required for respiration and mitochondria functions in budding yeast, and in this study we show that loss of respiratory activity is acquired over time. Interestingly, we show that absence of Ubp8 allows cells to grow in hypoxic conditions with altered mitophagy. Comparatively, the aggressive glioblastoma (GBM) multiforme tumor shows survival mechanisms able to overcome hypoxia in the brain. Starting from yeast and our findings on the role of Ubp8 in hypoxia, we extended our analysis to the human ortholog and signature cancer gene Usp22 in glioblastoma tumor specimens. Here we demonstrate that Usp22 is localized and overexpressed in the pseudo-palisade tissue around the necrotic area of the tumor. In addition, Usp22 colocalizes with the mitophagy marker Parkin, indicating a link with mitochondria function in GBM. Collectively, this evidence suggests that altered expression of Usp22 might provide a way for tumor cells to survive in hypoxic conditions, allowing the escape of cells from the necrotic area toward vascularized tissues. Collectively, our experimental data suggest a model for a possible mechanism of uncontrolled proliferation and invasion in glioblastoma

Direct femtosecond laser ablation of copper with an optical vortex beam

Laser surface structuring of copper is induced by laser ablation with a femtosecond optical vortex beam generated via spin-to-orbital conversion of the angular momentum of light by using a q-plate. The variation of the produced surface structures is studied as a function of the number of pulses, N, and laser fluence, F. After the first laser pulse (N = 1), the irradiated surface presents an annular region characterized by a corrugated morphology made by a rather complex network of nanometer-scale ridges, wrinkles, pores, and cavities. Increasing the number of pulses (2 < N < 100), the surface texture progressively evolves towards larger structures, while the central, non-ablated area is gradually decorated by nanoparticles produced during laser ablation. At large number of pulses (200 < N < 1000), a micro-tip with a nanostructured surface forms in the center of the irradiated area, which eventually disappears at still larger number of pulses (N > 1000) and a deep crater is formed. The nanostructure variation with the laser fluence, F, also evidences an interesting dependence, with a coarsening of the structure morphology as F increases. Our experimental findings demonstrate that direct femtosecond laser ablation with optical vortex beams produces interesting patterns not achievable by the more standard beams with a Gaussian intensity profile. They also suggest that appropriate tuning of the experimental conditions (F, N) can allow generating micro- and/or nano-structured surface for any specific application

Vector vortex beams generated by q-plates as a versatile route to direct fs laser surface structuring

We report an experimental investigation on direct laser surface structuring with femtosecond vector vortex beams generated by means of q-plates with topological charges q = 1, 3/2, 2, 5/2. Structured light beams with spatially variant state of polarization and intensity are generated and applied to multi-pulse irradiation of a solid crystalline silicon target. The creation of a variety of surface structures, like laser induced periodic surface structures, multi-spot arrays and shaped ablation craters, is demonstrated by direct laser surface structuring with vector vortex beams at different values of q. The features of the surface structures are compared with the vector vortex beam characteristics at the focal plane, evidencing their relationship with the polarization and intensity profile of the laser beams. Our experimental findings show that vector vortex beams produced by q-plates can offer a valuable and versatile route to imprint unconventional surface structures on a solid target through a mask-free ablative process and step scan processing

Surface structures with unconventional patterns and shapes generated by femtosecond structured light fields

We present an investigation on ultrashort laser surface structuring with structured light fields generated by various q-plates. In particular, q-plates with topological charges q = 1, 3/2, 2, 5/2 are used to generate femtosecond (fs) vector vortex beams, and form complex periodic surface structures through multi-pulse ablation of a solid crystalline silicon target. We show how optical retardation tuning of the q-plate offers a feasible way to vary the fluence transverse distribution of the beam, thus allowing the production of structures with peculiar shapes, which depend on the value of q. The features of the generated surface structures are compared with the vector vortex beam characteristics at the focal plane, by rationalizing their relationship with the local state of the laser light. Our experimental findings demonstrate how irradiation with fs complex light beams can offer a valuable route to design unconventional surface structures

Surface Structuring with Polarization-Singular Femtosecond Laser Beams Generated by a q-plate

In the last few years femtosecond optical vortex beams with di erent spatial distributions of the state of polarization (e.g. azimuthal, radial, spiral, etc.) have been used to generate complex, regular surface patterns on di erent materials. Here we present an experimental investigation on direct femtosecond laser surface structuring based on a larger class of vector beams generated by means of a q-plate with topological charge q = +1/2. In fact, voltage tuning of q-plate optical retardation allows generating a family of ultrashort laser beams with a continuous spatial evolution of polarization and uence distribution in the focal plane. These beams can be thought of as a controlled coherent superposition of a Gaussian beam with uniform polarization and a vortex beam with a radial or azimuthal state of polarization. The use of this family of ultrashort laser beams in surface structuring leads to a further extension of the achievable surface patterns. The comparison of theoretical predictions of the vector beam characteristics at the focal plane and the generated surface patterns is used to rationalize the dependence of the surface structures on the local state of the laser beam, thus o ering an e ective way to either design unconventional surface structures or diagnose complex ultrashort laser beams

RNA Modification in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by damage to the intestinal mucosa, which is caused by a combination of factors. These include genetic and epigenetic alterations, environmental influence, microorganism interactions, and immune conditions. Some populations with IBD show a cancer-prone phenotype. Recent studies have provided insight into the involvement of RNA modifications in the specific pathogenesis of IBD through regulation of RNA biology in epithelial and immune cells. Studies of several RNA modification-targeting reagents have shown preferable outcomes in patients with colitis. Here, we note a new awareness of RNA modification in the targeting of IBD and related diseases, which will contribute to early diagnosis, disease monitoring, and possible control by innovative therapeutic approaches