Intradural extramedullary Ewing's sarcoma: A case report and review of the literature

Introduction Extra-skeletal Ewing's sarcomas are very rare lesions to the spine surgeon, with the intradural, extramedullary lesions being even rarer. Herein we present a patient with an intradural, extramedullary form of Ewing's sarcoma and review the relevant literature. The medical records, operative reports, radiographical studies and histological examinations of a single patient are retrospectively reviewed. Case report A 31-year old male presented with back-pain, right-leg progressive paraparesis, and inability to walk. Both motor and sensory disturbances were revealed on the right leg at the clinical examination. Lumbar MRI showed two lesions. The first one was an intradural, extramedullary lesion at the L2-L3 level, while the second was smaller, located at the bottom of the dural sac. The patient underwent gross total resection of the L2-L3 lesion after a bilateral laminectomy. Histological examination was compatible with Ewing's sarcoma, and was verified by molecular analysis. No other extra-skeletal or skeletal lesion was found. A chemotherapy scheme was tailored to the patients’ histological diagnosis. The patient presented with local recurrence and bone metastasis 2 years after his initial diagnosis. A second operation was performed and the follow up of the patient showed no disease progression 18 months after revision surgery. Conclusion The spine surgeon should be aware of the existence of such rare entities, in order to timely fulfill the staging process and institute the proper therapy. The management of patients with extra-skeletal Ewing's sarcomas involves professionals as members of a multidisciplinary team, all of which should co-operate for the patient's optimal outcome

A STUDY ON THE MORPHOLOGY AND EVOLUTION OF THE MAMMARY GLAND AFTER PROPHYLACTICADMINISTRATION OF TAMOXIFEN AND CV 205502 TO FEMALE C3H/SY MICE: LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS

THE WELL KNOWN NON-STEROIDAL "ANTIESTROGEN" TAMOXIFEN (TAM) AND CV 205502 (CV),AN EXPERIMENTAL PROLACTIN-RELEASE INHIBITORY SUBSTANCE, WERE ADMINISTERED PROPHYLACTICALLY, SEPARATE AND COMBINED, AS ANTI-PROMOTERS TO FEMALE VIRGIN C3HMICE DURING THE EARLY PERIOD OF PROMOTION IN THE C3H MODEL (THROUGH THE AGE OF 2 TO 5 MONTHS). THIS STUDY WAS PERFORMED IN ORDER TO DEMONSTRATE THE EFFECTS OF THE ABOVE MENTIONED DRUGS ON THE MORPHOLOGY, ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF THE C3H MAMMARY GLAND (UNTIL THE AGE OF 14 MONTHS). TAM ALONE AND THE COMBINED THERAPY OVERALL DELAYED MOUSE MAMMARY GLAND GROWTH, CAUSING THEFOLLOWING MORPHOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS ON THE DEVELOPING PART OF THE GLAND (TERMINAL END BUDS [TEBS], AND SMALL DUCTULES): 1) INHIBITION OF THE SECRETORY DIFFERENTIATION OF THE EPITHELIAL CELLS, BUT PROMOTION OF THEIR MYOEPITHELIAL DIFFERENTIATION. 2) ALTERATIONS IN THE EPITHELIAL BASEMENT MEMBRANE MORPHOLOGY, WHICH BECAME THICKER, DENSER AND WELL ANCHORED TO THE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX FIBRILS. 3) ENHANCEMENT OF THE SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE TISSUE COLLAGEN PRODUCTION. 4)PROLONGED DEGENERATIVE CHANGES TO THE EPITHELIAL CELLS. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)ΜΕΛΕΤΗΘΗΚΕ Η ΕΠΙΔΡΑΣΗ ΤΗΣ ΜΗ ΣΤΕΡΟΕΙΔΙΚΗΣ ΑΝΤΙΟΙΣΤΡΟΓΟΝΙΚΗΣ ΤΑΜΟΞΙΦΕΝΗΣ (ΤΑΜ) ΚΑΙ ΤΟΥ ΠΕΙΡΑΜΑΤΙΚΟΥ ΑΝΤΙΠΡΟΛΑΚΤΙΝΙΚΟΥ ΣΚΕΥΑΣΜΑΤΟΣ CV 205502 (CV) ΣΤΗ ΜΟΡΦΟΛΟΓΙΑ ΚΑΙ ΤΗΝ ΕΞΕΛΙΞΗ ΤΟΥ ΜΑΣΤΟΥ ΘΗΛΕΩΝ ΠΑΡΘΕΝΩΝ ΠΟΝΤΙΚΙΩΝ ΤΗΣ ΚΑΡΚΙΝΙΚΗΣ ΦΥΛΗΣ C3H/SY. ΤΑ ΦΑΡΜΑΚΑ ΧΟΡΗΓΗΘΗΚΑΝ, ΜΕΜΟΝΩΜΕΝΑ Η ΣΕ ΣΥΝΔΥΑΣΜΟ, ΚΑΤΑ ΤΗΝ ΚΥΡΙΑ ΠΕΡΙΟΔΟ ΠΡΟΑΓΩΓΗΣ ΤΗΣ ΚΑΡΚΙΝΟΓΕΝΕΣΗΣ ΤΟΥ ΜΑΣΤΟΥ ΣΤΟ ΕΝ ΛΟΓΩ ΣΥΣΤΗΜΑ ΣΕ ΠΕΙΡΑΜΑΤΟΖΩΑ ΗΛΙΚΙΑΣ 3-5 ΜΗΝΩΝ, ΤΑ ΟΠΟΙΑ ΠΑΡΑΚΟΛΟΥΘΗΘΗΚΑΝ ΜΕΧΡΙ ΤΗΝ ΗΛΙΚΙΑ ΤΩΝ 14 ΜΗΝΩΝ.Η ΤΑΜ ΚΑΙ Ο ΣΥΝΔΥΑΣΜΟΣ ΤΗΣ ΜΕ ΤΟ CV ΑΝΑΣΤΕΛΛΕΙ ΤΗΝ ΑΥΞΗΣΗ ΤΟΥ ΜΑΣΤΟΥ ΤΩΝ ΠΟΝΤΙΚΙΩΝ ΕΠΙΦΕΡΟΝΤΑΣ ΜΟΡΦΟΛΟΓΙΚΕΣ ΑΛΛΟΙΩΣΕΙΣ ΣΤΟ ΑΝΑΠΤΥΣΣΟΜΕΝΟ ΤΜΗΜΑ ΤΟΥ ΕΠΙΘΗΛΙΑΚΟΥ ΣΤΟΙΧΕΙΟΥ ΤΟΥ ΜΑΣΤΟΥ ΤΩΝ ΠΟΝΤΙΚΙΩΝ (ΤΕΒ, ΜΙΚΡΟΙ ΠΟΡΟΙ), ΟΙ ΚΥΡΙΩΤΕΡΕΣ ΑΠΟΤΙΣ ΟΠΟΙΕΣ ΕΙΝΑΙ ΟΙ ΕΞΗΣ: 1) ΕΠΙΤΑΣΗ ΤΗΣ ΜΥΟΕΠΙΘΗΛΙΑΚΗΣ ΔΙΑΦΟΡΟΠΟΙΗΣΗΣ ΤΩΝ ΕΠΙΘΗΛΙΑΚΩΝ ΚΥΤΤΑΡΩΝ. 2) ΜΕΙΩΣΗ ΤΩΝ ΕΚΚΡΙΤΙΚΩΝ ΧΑΡΑΚΤΗΡΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΠΡΟΟΔΕΥΤΙΚΗ ΥΠΟΣΤΡΟΦΗ ΤΩΝ ΕΠΙΘΗΛΙΑΚΩΝ ΚΥΤΤΑΡΩΝ. 3) ΠΑΧΥΝΣΗ ΚΑΙ ΠΥΚΝΩΣΗ ΤΗΣ ΕΠΙΘΗΛΙΑΚΗΣ ΒΑΣΙΚΗΣ ΜΕΜΒΡΑΝΗΣ. 4) ΑΥΞΗΣΗ ΤΟΥ ΚΟΛΛΑΓΟΝΟΥ ΣΤΡΩΜΑΤΟΣ ΓΥΡΩ ΑΠΟ ΤΑ ΙΣΤΟΛΟΓΙΚΑ ΣΤΟΙΧΕΙΑ ΠΟΥ ΑΝΑΦΕΡΘΗΚΑΝ, ΚΑΘΩΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΥΞΗΜΕΝΗ ΣΥΝΔΕΣΗ ΤΟΥΣ ΜΕ ΤΗΝ ΕΠΙΘΗΛΙΑΚΗ ΒΑΣΙΚΗ ΜΕΜΒΡΑΝΗ. ΟΙ ΑΛΛΟΙΩΣΕΙΣ ΑΥΤΕΣ ΕΓΚΑΘΙΣΤΑΝΤΑΙ ΠΡΟΟΔΕΥΤΙΚΑ ΚΑΤΑ ΤΗ ΔΙΑΡΚΕΙΑ ΤΗΣ ΧΟΡΗΓΗΣΗΣ ΤΗΣ ΤΑΜ ΚΑΙ ΤΟΥ ΦΑΡΜΑΚΕΥΤΙΚΟΥ ΣΥΝΔΥΑΣΜΟΥ (ΣΥΝΤΟΜΟΤΕΡΑ ΣΤΗ ΔΕΥΤΕΡΗ ΠΕΡΙΠΤΩΣΗ), ΔΙΑΠΙΣΤΩΝΟΝΤΑΙ ΔΕ ΚΑΙ ΜΕΤΑ ΤΟ ΤΕΛΟΣ ΤΗΣ ΘΕΡΑΠΕΙΑΣ (ΓΙΑ 1 ΚΑΙ 3 ΜΗΝΕΣ ΑΝΤΙΣΤΟΙΧΑ). (ΠΕΡΙΚΟΠΗ ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗΣ

Propagation of <i>Pistacia lentiscus</i> var. Chia Genotypes and Determination of Their Ornamental Traits Combined with a Genetic Analysis Using ISSR Markers

Pistacia lentiscus L. is a dioecious shrub or small tree with high drought resistance, native in the entire Mediterranean basin. The variety ‘Chia’ (mastic tree) is cultivated for the production of mastic gum (a resin produced after wounding of the trunks and thick branches) in the Island of Chios (Greece), but it also has a significant ornamental value. In the present study, ten male and ten female genotypes of P. lentiscus var. Chia from the natural habitats of Chios were selected and examined with respect to the rooting efficiency of their shoot cuttings. The germination ability of the seeds was also tested. The 20 plants were morphologically described, mainly with respect to traits related to their ornamental value. Furthermore, leaves were collected from the 20 genotypes, from which genomic DNA (gDNA) was isolated, followed by amplification of gDNA fragments using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers. This was done aiming both at the determination of their genetic distance and the establishment of possible correlations between the amplified bands and certain morphological traits. The results of the study showed that there were differences among the genotypes for both methods of propagation. Regarding the rooting of the shoot cuttings, the best genotype was 8M (cv. ‘Psilophyllos’), achieving a rooting rate of 62.5% in winter with the application of indolebutyric acid (potassium salt of IBA), while regarding the seed germination capacity the genotype 2F exhibited the highest germination rate (57%). Genetic analysis using ISSRs separated the plants into four groups, one group consisting of male genotypes, one of the female genotypes, one consisting of members from both genders and a fourth containing a single male genotype. The genetic analysis of the male genotypes only produced a dendrogram showing the cultivars clustering in three different groups. Regardless of the genetic analysis, it seems that there were correlations between the ISSR markers and the leaf traits and also the gender and the asexual propagation. These correlations can assist future breeding programs of P. lentiscus var. Chia

Propagation of Pistacia lentiscus var. Chia Genotypes and Determination of Their Ornamental Traits Combined with a Genetic Analysis Using ISSR Markers

Pistacia lentiscus L. is a dioecious shrub or small tree with high drought resistance, native in the entire Mediterranean basin. The variety &lsquo;Chia&rsquo; (mastic tree) is cultivated for the production of mastic gum (a resin produced after wounding of the trunks and thick branches) in the Island of Chios (Greece), but it also has a significant ornamental value. In the present study, ten male and ten female genotypes of P. lentiscus var. Chia from the natural habitats of Chios were selected and examined with respect to the rooting efficiency of their shoot cuttings. The germination ability of the seeds was also tested. The 20 plants were morphologically described, mainly with respect to traits related to their ornamental value. Furthermore, leaves were collected from the 20 genotypes, from which genomic DNA (gDNA) was isolated, followed by amplification of gDNA fragments using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers. This was done aiming both at the determination of their genetic distance and the establishment of possible correlations between the amplified bands and certain morphological traits. The results of the study showed that there were differences among the genotypes for both methods of propagation. Regarding the rooting of the shoot cuttings, the best genotype was 8M (cv. &lsquo;Psilophyllos&rsquo;), achieving a rooting rate of 62.5% in winter with the application of indolebutyric acid (potassium salt of IBA), while regarding the seed germination capacity the genotype 2F exhibited the highest germination rate (57%). Genetic analysis using ISSRs separated the plants into four groups, one group consisting of male genotypes, one of the female genotypes, one consisting of members from both genders and a fourth containing a single male genotype. The genetic analysis of the male genotypes only produced a dendrogram showing the cultivars clustering in three different groups. Regardless of the genetic analysis, it seems that there were correlations between the ISSR markers and the leaf traits and also the gender and the asexual propagation. These correlations can assist future breeding programs of P. lentiscus var. Chia