Economic potential and development prospects of small businesses in rural areas

The article examines the role of small business in the development of rural areas by the example of bakery production. Moreover, it demonstrates the need for the interaction of small bakery businesses with large enterprises of the industry and grain processors. The article reveals the development trends of small bakery production in rural areas. The conditions for the participation of small bakery businesses in rural areas in the development of the production of functional and specialized bread are substantiated. The article proposes the directions and mechanisms of support for small bakery production at the level of rural territories. The development of modern methods of redistribution of bakery production in proportion to the living population, measures of state support for small bakery production and expansion of the range of bread products that contribute to improving the health of the population of Russia, is the theme of this study. The object of the research is the development of small bakery production as a condition for improving the quality of life of the population in rural areas. The subject of the research is production and management relations that ensure the development of small bakery production and its impact on the quality of life of the population in rural areas.peer-reviewe

A novel supramolecular catalytic system based on amphiphilic triphenylphosphonium bromide for the hydrolysis of phosphorus acid esters

© 2015 Elsevier B.V. The biomimetic nature of micellar catalysis can significantly affect the rate of chemical reactions due to the effects of concentration and the change of microenvironment. Here, a key role is played by the nature of the head group. The catalytic activity of alkyltriphenylphosphonium bromides (TPPB-n; n= 10, 12, 14, 16, 18; n is the number of carbon atoms in alkyl groups) in the nucleophilic substitution of p-nitrophenyl esters of alkylchloromethylphosphonic acid were investigated by the method of spectrophotometry. Using pyrene, prodan and Sudan I as probes the values of critical micelle concentrations and aggregation numbers were determined. A comparison of the results of kinetic dependence processing by Berezin equation obtained for TPPB series with the known ammonium analogues was carried out. It was found that for TPPB- n series, the higher acceleration of reaction has been achieved due to concentration factor compared to ammonium surfactants. This agrees with the fact that alkyltriphenylphosphonium bromides demonstrate higher aggregation activity forming micelles with higher solubilizing capacity

Partial level density of the n-quasiparticle excitations in the nuclei of the 39< A <201 region

Level density and radiative strength functions are obtained from the analysis of two-step cascades intensities following the thermal neutrons capture. The data on level density are approximated by the sum of the partial level densities corresponding to n quasiparticles excitation. The most probable values of the collective enhancement factor of the level density are found together with the thresholds of the next Cooper nucleons pair breaking. These data allow one to calculate the level density of practically any nucleus in given spin window in the framework of model concepts, taking into account all known nuclear excitation types. The presence of an approximation results discrepancy with theoretical statements specifies the necessity of rather essentially developing the level density models. It also indicates the possibilities to obtain the essentially new information on nucleon correlation functions of the excited nucleus from the experiment.Comment: 29 pages, 8 figures, 2 table

The polyacrylic acid/modified chitosan capsules with tunable release of small hydrophobic probe and drug

© 2015 Elsevier B.V. Nanocapsules (≤200. nm) with a protection effect toward small hydrophobic guests (p-nitrophenyl laurate and acetylsalicylic acid, aspirin) and a tunable sustained release behavior have been fabricated through the layer-by-layer deposition of polyacrylic acid and modified chitosan. Cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, was used to increase the affinity of polyelectrolyte to the substrate. The release profile was monitored through original protocol involving a fast cleavage of the substrate released and a spectrophotometric control of the product. The shell permeability of the capsules and hence their protective effect may be tuned through the variation of the number of layers deposited, the sonication, and the adjustment of solution pH. Importantly, the dispersed loads serving as a template for the capsule fabrication may control their properties, including shell permeability

Platform-to-platform sample transfer, distribution, dilution, and dosing via electrothermal vaporization and electrostatic deposition

A novel system for solid sample pretreatment, handling and dosing for analytical atomic spectrometry is described. A primary solid or liquid sample is vaporized in a graphite furnace and then condensed in a specially designed condensation zone. On the further transport path, the analyte aerosol can be diluted and distributed in pre-set ratios in the laboratory made flow control system. Applying a corona discharge, aerosol particulates are then quantitatively re-collected by means of intra-furnace electrostatic precipitation on the platform of another graphite furnace or by external precipitation on one or a set of platforms. This makes possible to produce a set of secondary platforms with equal analyte compositions from one individual primary sample. Such multitudes allow sequential multi-element determinations with single-element instrumentation or comparative measurements with different techniques. Furthermore, the described procedure allows external thermal sample pretreatment with preceding pyrolysis and additional vaporization, condensation, and re-precipitation that significantly reduces or removes the sample matrix. Owing to different losses, transport efficiencies of electrothermal vaporization (ETV) instrumentation depend on analyte element, matrix, vaporization temperature, ramp rate, and tube history. In order to reduce the losses and therewith such dependencies of the losses, new laboratory constructed ETV unit with analyte condensation in an axially focusing upstream convection zone has been constructed. Analytical performance of the new setup is compared with the performance of a commercial end-on flow-through ETV unit when analyzing both liquid dosed samples and certified solid reference materials. The new system shows much higher transport efficiencies that are, in addition, more uniform for elements of different volatility. The effects of chemical sample modifiers and elements supporting analyte condensation are studied. Most of the analytical measurements were carried out with a continuum source coherent forward scattering multi-element spectrometer. Comparative measurements were also carried out independently in the co-authors' laboratories with atomic absorption and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry techniques. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Эффективность схем применения нового биопрепарата картофин на основе Bacillus subtilis при выращивании картофеля

In field experiments, five schemes of using drugs of different spectra of action were tested in order to reduce the chemical load on the potato biocenosis. Insufficient efficiency of using only biologicals in protecting potatoes from diseases is quite natural. Its use should be combined with chemical pesticides, reducing the number of chemical treatments, but not reducing the effectiveness in combating diseases and crop yields. The study of the effect of the biological product Kartofin as a disinfectant of potato tubers and a fungicide for the treatment of vegetative plants in comparison with the chemical preparations Emesto Quantum and Consento, the alternation of the biological product and chemical fungicides on the economic indicators of the Sante variety. According to the results of twoyear testing it was revealed that the biological product Kartofin and chemical preparations do not cause negative effect on the growth qualities of potatoes and on its immunity. The use of the biological product contributed to a decrease in the development and spread of rhizoctoniosis and alternaria, while being inferior in effectiveness to chemical drugs. Against the causative agent of late blight, the use of the biological product Kartofin was ineffective. At the same time, replacing one treatment with Kartofin during the period of closing the tops in rows for the Consento treatment enabled to reduce the degree of development of the disease by 2 times until the middle of the growing season. The use of the chemical fungicide Consento enabled to protect plants from late blight by the end of the growing season with an efficiency of up to 54.2%. The use of the biological product Kartofin during the growing season enabled to increase the yield by 6.8-7.9% (1.2-1.4 t / ha) compared to the control. The replacement of one treatment with Potato for the Consento treatment increased the yield by 14.1-16.9% (2.5-2.9 t / ha). The use of the chemical dressing agent Emesto Quantum followed by the processing of Consento plants increased the yield by 18.9% (3.3 t / ha). The treatment of seed tubers with Potato helped to obtain a crop free from rhizoctonia. Thus, the use of Kartofin as a disinfectant and fungicide for treatments during the growing season with the replacement of one treatment with Consento during the closing of the tops in a row increases the yield of standard products by 20.1%.В полевых опытах было испытано пять схем применения препаратов разных спектров действия с целью снижения химической нагрузки на биоценоз картофеля. Недостаточная эффективность использования только биологических препаратов в защите картофеля от болезней вполне закономерна. Их применение необходимо сочетать с химическими пестицидами, уменьшая количество обработок химическими препаратами, но не снижая при этом эффективности в борьбе с болезнями и урожайности культуры. Проведено изучение влияния биологического препарата Картофин в качестве протравителя клубней картофеля и фунгицида для обработок вегетирующих растений в сравнении с химическими препаратами Эместо Квантум и Консенто, чередования биопрепарата и химических фунгицидов на хозяйственные показатели сорта Сантэ. По результатам двух лет испытаний выявлено, что биопрепарат Картофин и химические препараты не оказывают негативного влияния на ростовые качества картофеля и на его иммунитет. Применение биопрепарата способствовало снижению развития и распространения ризоктониоза и альтернариоза, уступая при этом по эффективности химическим препаратам. Против возбудителя фитофтороза применение биопрепарата Картофин было малоэффективным, в то же время замена одной обработки Картофином в период смыкания ботвы в рядках на обработку Консенто позволила снизить степень развития болезни в 2 раза до середины вегетации. Применение химического фунгицида Консенто позволило с эффективностью до 54,2% защитить растения от фитофтороза к концу вегетации. Применение биопрепарата Картофин в период вегетации позволило увеличить урожайность на 6,8–7,9 % (1,2–1,4 т/га) по сравнению с контролем. Замена одной обработки Картофином на обработку Консенто повысила урожайность на 14,1–16,9% (2,5–2,9 т/га). Применение химического протравителя Эместо Квантум с последующей обработкой растений Консенто увеличивало урожайность на 18,9% (3,3 т/га). Обработка семенных клубней Картофином способствовала получению свободного от ризоктониоза урожая. Таким образом, применение Картофина в качестве протравителя и фунгицида для обработок в период вегетации с заменой одной обработки на Консенто в период смыкания ботвы в рядке увеличивает выход стандартной продукции на 20,1 %

Аллергия к латексу у медицинских работников

Extended clinical and allergological study was performed in 95 medical workers of various specialities using latex gloves in their work. A high frequency of latex hypersensitivity (41%) among the persons working 6–8 hours in a shift in latex gloves, atopic persons and medical workers with the longest work as well. Local (nettle-rash, contact dermatitis, eczema on the hand skin) and systemic (generalized nettle-rash, anaphylaxis) allergic diseases associated to latex were diagnosed in 29.5% of the persons.An analysis of the diagnostic tests values used was conducted. The receipt of the latex allergen into the airways and occurrence of dermatorespiratory syndrome were proved.Проведено углубленное клинико-аллергологическое обследование 95 медицинских работников разных профессий, использующих в работе латексные перчатки. Выявлена высокая частота гиперчувствительности к латексу (41%) среди работавших в перчатках в течение 6—8 ч за смену, а также среди атопиков и медицинских работников с большим стажем работы. Диагностированы местные на коже рук (крапивница, контактный дерматит, экзема) и системные (генерализованная крапивница, анафилаксия) аллергические заболевания, вызванные латексом, у 29,5% лиц.Проведен анализ информативности использованных диагностических тестов. Доказан аэрогенный путь поступления латексного аллергена в дыхательные пути с развитием дерматореспираторного синдрома и бронхиальной астмы. 

Гиперчувствительный пневмонит, вызванный воздействием металлов

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НОВЫЙ ВЕКТОР В ПРЕПОДАВАНИИ ФТИЗИАТРИИ СТУДЕНТАМ-ПЕДИАТРАМ

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