Anthropogenic and natural factors shaping the boundaries of the St. Petersburg suburban area

The suburban area of St. Petersburg stands out as Russia's most complex in terms of spatial structure, encompassing districts ranging from the suburban imperial residences of the 18th century to low-rise residential zones and modern multi-storey developments of the 21st century. This study concluded that extensive stretches of the administrative border between St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region divide homogeneous territories. Therefore, it makes little academic or practical sense to confine scholarly efforts solely to suburbs situated on one side of this border. The principal factor in delineating the St. Petersburg urban area is the transport accessibility of territories surrounding the city. It was empirically determined that the inner boundary of the suburban area is located approximately within the 40-45-minute isochrone from the city centre, while the outer boundary extends to the 2-hour isochrone. In the conditions of today's St. Petersburg, a two-hour isochrone corresponds to a 60 km distance. Along with isochrones, the actual boundary of the suburban area is determined by several natural and anthropogenic factors. In terms of the natural environment, a significant part of the St. Petersburg suburban area is anthropogenic forest-steppe, whose landscapes are radically different from those of the area’s natural southern taiga subzone. The features of the 'forest steppe' reach their peak to the southwest and south of St. Petersburg. To the north of the city, the suburban zone is defined by both ‘anthropogenic forest-steppe’ and secondary small-leaved forests that have replaced agricultural lands. Another prominent feature is parks found on the premises of former estates where introduced woody species account for a substantial portion of vegetation. The spatial structure of the suburban area north of St. Petersburg is complicated by large extents of unpopulated areas. Since the 19th century, they have divided the area into two virtually disconnected parts

Economic potential and development prospects of small businesses in rural areas

The article examines the role of small business in the development of rural areas by the example of bakery production. Moreover, it demonstrates the need for the interaction of small bakery businesses with large enterprises of the industry and grain processors. The article reveals the development trends of small bakery production in rural areas. The conditions for the participation of small bakery businesses in rural areas in the development of the production of functional and specialized bread are substantiated. The article proposes the directions and mechanisms of support for small bakery production at the level of rural territories. The development of modern methods of redistribution of bakery production in proportion to the living population, measures of state support for small bakery production and expansion of the range of bread products that contribute to improving the health of the population of Russia, is the theme of this study. The object of the research is the development of small bakery production as a condition for improving the quality of life of the population in rural areas. The subject of the research is production and management relations that ensure the development of small bakery production and its impact on the quality of life of the population in rural areas.peer-reviewe

TOBACCO SMOKING AND LUNG DISEASES: EFFICIENCY OF TREATMENT APPROACHES

The review presents data on the significant increase of tobacco smoking prevalence and its harmful effect on the development and course of chronic respiratory diseases: tuberculosis, pneumonia, lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. Negative consequences of tobacco smoking are caused by chronic intoxication of the host by the components of tobacco smoke providing impact on various organs and cells of the host, thus causing a big variety of diseases. Both active and passive smoking deteriorates their course and increase the risk of exacerbation, hinders taking control over the disease and interferes with adequate response to drugs.Current approaches to treatment of tobacco addiction have been presented. There are several ways to overcome nicotine addiction – drug therapy and the other forms of therapy. Integrated approach to tobacco smoking management allows achieving success in 30% of cases within short period of time with continuous and quality remissions

FEATURES OF USING FOREIGN LANGUAGE TERMINOLOGY IN THE PRACTICE OF PUBLICPRIVATE PARTNERSHIP IN RUSSIA

Many terms in the Russian economy are of foreign origin. The use of foreign language concepts is a method of expanding economic terminology and research, facilitates international economic interaction. Many terms are assimilated and become generally applicable in the Russian economy. The article studies the issues related to the  use of foreign language terminology in the Russian practice of public-private partnership, considers the terms, categories and definitions of public-private partnership, both those which have been included in Russian science and practice, and those which have not been assimilated into the Russian language. The authors conclude that the use of foreign-language terms cannot be reduced simply to borrowing, it is necessary to adapt the borrowed words  and combinations to the Russian science and practice of public-private partnership; the use of borrowed  foreign language terms should not contradict the state concept of public-private partnership development and economic programs and strategies

ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ СИСТЕМИ ОБСЛУГОВУВАННЯ ПАСАЖИРІВ АЕРОПОРТУ В ПРОЦЕСІ ВЗАЄМОДІЇ ПОВІТРЯНОГО, АВТОМОБІЛЬНОГО ТА ЗАЛІЗНИЧНОГО ТРАНСПОРТУ

The issue of the interaction of modes of transport for passenger service at the airport was considered (in the example of the international airport of the city of Zaporizhia). The analysis of scientific works related to the organisation of passenger service in the transport hub was carried out. It is noted that the efficiency of passenger air transportation is significantly increased by reducing the time it takes to deliver passengers from cities to airports. It is possible to achieve this only through the interaction of air and ground modes of transport. The relevance of the issue is confirmed by the provisions of the Transport Strategy of Ukraine. The article examines the parameters of the functioning of the real transport system of the interaction of air and ground modes of transport when serving passengers. It was established that the existing system of passenger delivery, despite the nearby high-capacity road and the Ukrzaliznytsia railway, uses only a dead-end road of local importance at the location of the airport. To solve the problem of transport service for air passengers, taking into account the stochastic nature of passenger flows, the study was carried out by the method of simulation modelling. The created simulation model is based on the functioning of the urban road transport system with the involvement of the railway operating in the area of the airport. The key elements of the studied system are passenger transfer points at the railway station and airport. The developed simulation model provides the possibility of switching the existing and proposed route schemes of the bus route, which is implemented in the transport network of the model. Some experiments were conducted under the conditions of varying the delay time of the bus at the Zaporizhia-2 station while waiting for passengers to transfer from trains to road transport, or vice versa - when moving in the opposite direction. Based on the conducted experiments, it is proposed to change one of the bus routes in such a way that passengers have the opportunity to take advantage of the convenient opportunity to transfer to suburban trains at the Zaporizhzhia-2 station. Prospective opportunities for the involvement of railway transport, as more powerful than road transport, for airport transport service, are analysed; thanks to modelling, effective recommendations were obtained regarding thetransport service of Zaporizhzhia International Airport. Розглянуто питання взаємодії видів транспорту для обслуговування пасажирів в аеропорту (на прикладі міжнародного аеропорту міста Запоріжжя). Виконано аналіз наукових праць, які стосуються організації обслуговування пасажирів в транспортному вузлі. Зазначено, що ефективність пасажирських авіаційних перевезень значно підвищується при скороченні часу доставки пасажирів з міст в аеропорти. Досягти цього можливо тільки завдяки взаємодії повітряного з наземними видами транспорту. Актуальність проблематики підтверджується положеннями Транспортної стратегії України. В статті проведено дослідження параметрів функціонування реальної транспортної системи взаємодії повітряного та наземних видів транспорту під час обслуговування пасажирів. Встановлено, що існуюча система доставки пасажирів, незважаючи на близько розташовані автомобільний шлях високої пропускної спроможності та залізничну колію «Укрзалізниці», використовує лише тупикову автомобільну дорогу місцевого значення в місці розташування аеропорту. Для вирішення проблеми транспортного обслуговування авіаційних пасажирів з урахуванням стохастичного характеру пасажиропотоків, дослідження проводилось методом імітаційного моделювання. Створена імітаційна модель ґрунтується на функціонуванні системи міського автомобільного транспорту із залученням залізничного, що діє в районі аеропорту. Ключовими елементами досліджуваної системи є пункти пересадки пасажирів на залізничній станції та в аеропорту. Розроблена імітаційна модель передбачає можливість перемикання існуючої та пропонованої схем руху автобусного маршруту, яка реалізується в транспортній мережі моделі. Було проведено ряд експериментів в умовах варіювання часу затримки автобуса на станції Запоріжжя-2 в очікуванні пересадки пасажирів з поїздів на автомобільний транспорт, або навпаки – при здійсненні руху у зворотному напрямку. На основі проведених експериментів запропоновано змінити один з автобусних маршрутів таким чином, щоб пасажири мали можливість скористатись можливістю зручної пересадки на приміські поїзди на станції Запоріжжя-2. Проаналізовані перспективні можливості залучення залізничного транспорту, як більш потужного, ніж автомобільний, для транспортного обслуговування аеропорту. Завдяки моделюванню отримані ефективні рекомендації щодо транспортного обслуговування міжнародногоаеропорту Запоріжжя

Optimization approaches to Wolbachia-based biocontrol

This paper proposes two realistic and biologically viable methods for Wolbachia-based biocontrol of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, assuming imperfect maternal transmission of the Wolbachia bacterium, incomplete cytoplasmic incompatibility, and direct loss of Wolbachia infection caused by thermal stress. Both methods are based on optimization approaches and allow for the stable persistence of Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes in the wild Ae. aegypti populations in a minimum time and using the smallest quantity of Wolbachia-carrying insects to release. The first method stems from the continuous-time optimal release strategy, which is further transformed into a sequence of suboptimal impulses mimicking instantaneous releases of Wolbachia-carrying insects. The second method constitutes a novel alternative to all existing techniques aimed at the design of release strategies. It is developed using metaheuristics ($\epsilon$-constraint method combined with the genetic algorithm) and directly produces a discrete sequence of decisions, where each element represents the quantity of Wolbachia-carrying mosquitoes to be released instantaneously and only once per a specified time unit. It turns out that a direct discrete-time optimization (second method) renders better quantifiable results compared to transforming a continuous-time optimal release function into a sequence of suboptimal impulses (first method). As an illustration, we provide examples of daily, weekly, and fortnightly release strategies designed by both methods for two Wolbachia strains, wMel and wMelPop.Comment: 28 pages, 9 figure

VIRUS-MICROBIAL ASSOCIATIONS IN CHRONIC SUPPURATIVE OTITIS MEDIA

Purpose: To research of certain peculiarities of the virus-microbial assotiations of middle ear in chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM).Materials and Methods: Microflora in the middle ear of 102 patients aged from 20 to 70 years with chronic suppurative otitis media were studied by microbiological and genetic (PCR) methods.Results: Microbiotic mixed infection was detected in 62,5% patients and microbiotic monoinfection–in 37,5% patients. In microbiotic monoinfection the frequency of occurance of herpes and papilloma viruses was 19,4% and in microbiotic mixed infection - 32,2%.Chlamydiae were detected only in mixed infection (16,7%). Presence of mycoplasms in middle ear in microbiotic monoinfection was 13,7 times less (p<0,01) than in mixed infection.Summary: The obtained results are allowed to recommend broadened microbiological analysis with application PCR to put into practice to increase the level of diagnostics and to make choice of an adequate treatment of CSOM

К проблеме институционального обеспечения воспроизводства человеческого капитала

The article highlights the issues of complex analysis personnel maintenance of the research segment (sector) of the economy, performing the functions of one of the main tools of the reproduction of human capital. There are submitted the characteristics of recognition by international community of the results of researches on the various subject categories in the past five years. Revealed a scientific potential in forming a breakthrough in competitive technologies in Russia. The analysis showed that qualification and age structure of a team of experts of the sector’s average unit in current conditions do not meet requirements of high-quality and large-scale reproduction of intellectual life - the most important component of human capital. Proposed a mathematical model of staff potential of research sector, ensuring the continuity of knowledge and raising the scientific level of research. The model is based on the following qualitative criteria: continuity, expertise, priority areas of science. Structural and organizational formation of the research sector in accordance with this mathematical-statistical model allows creating optimal conditions for the functioning of an effective mechanism for the knowledge transfer. The main element of this mechanism in all areas of science is a team of seven specialists, including one PhD, three PhD and three researchers without a degree. Formulated socioeconomic conditions, providing, according to the authors, more effective reproduction of human capital.В статье освещены вопросы комплексного анализа кадрового обеспечения исследовательского сегмента (сектора) экономики, выполняющего функции одного из основных инструментов воспроизводства человеческого капитала. Представлены характеристики уровня признания мировым сообществом результатов исследований по различным тематическим категориям за последние пять лет. Выявлен научный потенциал формирования конкурентных прорывных технологий в России. Анализ показал, что квалификационная и возрастная структуры коллектива специалистов усредненного подразделения этого сектора в нынешних условиях не соответствуют требованиям качественного и масштабного воспроизводства интеллектуального ресурса - важнейшей составляющей человеческого капитала. Предложена математическая модель кадрового потенциала исследовательского сектора, обеспечивающая преемственность знаний и повышение научного уровня исследований. В основе модели лежат следующие качественные критерии: преемственность, компетентность, приоритетность области науки. Структурно-организационное формирование исследовательского сектора в соответствии с данной математико-статистической моделью позволяет создать оптимальные условия для функционирования эффективного механизма передачи знаний. Основным элементом этого механизма во всех областях науки является коллектив, состоящий из семи человек, в составе которого один доктор наук, три кандидата наук и три исследователя без степени. Сформулированы социально-экономические условия, обеспечивающие, по мнению авторов, более эффективное воспроизводство человеческого капитала

ROLE OF BACTERIA AND MICROSCOPIC FUNGI IN AETIOLOGY OF CHRONIC SUPPURATIVE OTITIS MEDIA

Purpose: To research of spectrum of agents and their biological characteristics in chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM).Materials and Methods: Вacterial and fungous flora in the middle ear of 102 patients aged from 20 to 70 years with CSOM were studied by microbiological and genetic (PCR) methods. To determine adhesive activity of agents was used rapid method Brilis V.М. and antilysozyme activity – method Bukharin O.V.Results: The majority of cases of CSOM were caused by different species of staphylococci with prevalence S.aureus, S.epidermidis. Mycoplasms, mould and yeast-like fungi took up the second position among the pathogens. Non-clostridial anaerobes and chlamidiae were occurred less frequently. In most cases (>90%) agents of CSOM were possessed of adhesive and antilysozyme activities. Among them more 70% strains had the high and middle level of expression of these signs.Summary: Traditional microbiological method of diagnostics is not an informative, because it leave out of account the role mycoplasms, chlamidiae and non-clostridial anaerobes in forming of disease. Main strains of agents of CSOM are possessed of significant adhesive and antilysozyme activities. These signs influence on gravity and duration of course of disease