Ο περιορισμός του δικαιώματος πνευματικής ιδιοκτησίας για χάρη των ατόμων με ειδικές ανάγκες

Η παρούσα μελέτη πραγματεύεται τα νομικά ζητήματα και τους περιορισμούς του δικαιώματος πνευματικής ιδιοκτησίας για τα άτομα με αναπηρία, ώστε να καταστούν τα άτομα αυτά ισότιμοι εταίροι με όλα τα φυσικά πρόσωπα στην Κοινωνία της Πληροφορίας. Ως ΑμΕΑ νοούνται όσοι άνθρωποι έχουν μία σωματική ή ψυχική μειονεξία που τους διαφοροποιεί από τους υπόλοιπους ανθρώπους και θέτει σημαντικά εμπόδια στην καθημερινή τους ζωή. Προφανώς ένα άτομο με αναπηρία που ζει σε αναπτυσσόμενη χώρα θα έχει λιγότερες ευκαιρίες για εκπαίδευση και πρόσβαση στα έργα. Όμως και στον αναπτυγμένο κόσμο τα ΑμΕΑ έρχονται αντιμέτωπα με προκλήσεις, καθώς αντιμετωπίζουν δυσκολίες πρόσβασης στην εκπαίδευση, στις υπηρεσίες και στα αγαθά. Στη συνέχεια γίνεται αναφορά στο Διεθνές και Ευρωπαϊκό Δίκαιο, στο Ελληνικό Σύνταγμα και στο αλλοδαπό δίκαιο με ανάλυση της νομοθεσίας σε χώρες, όπως Αυστραλία, Γερμανία, ΗΠΑ κ.λπ. Επιπροσθέτως, η προσωπικότητα των ΑμΕΑ προστατεύεται εξίσου, όπως των αρτιμελών από κάθε παράνομη προσβολή με το άρθρο 57 ΑΚ. Η Πνευματική Ιδιοκτησία δεν πρέπει να φέρει προσκόμματα στην προστασία των ΑμΕΑ, αλλά αντιθέτως επιβάλλεται να τα διευκολύνει. Προκειμένου να καταστεί ευκολότερη η πρόσβαση στα έργα εισήχθη ένας περιορισμός του περιουσιακού δικαιώματος του δημιουργού για λόγους κοινωνικής πολιτικής. Πλέον το άτομο με αναπηρία μπορεί να αναπαραγάγει το έργο για ιδιωτική χρήση, δίχως την άδεια του δημιουργού και χωρίς την καταβολή αμοιβής. Στη συνέχεια γίνεται επισκόπηση των διεθνών συμβάσεων, της Οδηγίας 2001/29/ΕΚ, του άρθρου 28Α Ν. 2121/1993, της Υπουργικής Απόφασης ΥΠΠΟ/ΔΙΟΙΚ/98546/2007, των αλλοδαπών δικαίων, της Συνθήκης του Μαρακές, καθώς επίσης της Πρότασης Κανονισμού για την διασυνοριακή ανταλλαγή μεταξύ της Ένωσης και τρίτων χωρών αντιγράφων σε προσβάσιμη μορφή προστατευόμενων έργων προς όφελος ατόμων με προβλήματα όρασης. Τέλος, αναλύεται το θέμα της πρόσβασης των ατόμων με αναπηρία στις Βιβλιοθήκες τόσο στην Ελλάδα, όσο και σε αλλοδαπά δίκαια. Δεδομένου ότι για την δημιουργία δεν απαιτείται δικαιοπρακτική ικανότητα, ένα άτομο με αναπηρία μπορεί να είναι δημιουργός, συνεπώς θα του αναγνωριστούν τα δικαιώματα του δημιουργού. Περαιτέρω, ως εξουσιοδοτημένοι φορείς νοούνται οι Μη Κερδοσκοπικοί Οργανισμοί που είναι επιφορτισμένοι με την αναπαραγωγή των έργων και την διευκόλυνση στην πρόσβαση σε πληροφορίες, υπηρεσίες και αγαθά για χάρη των ΑμΕΑ. Παραδείγματα εξουσιοδοτημένων φορέων αποτελούν η Μονάδα Προσβασιμότητας του ΕΚΠΑ, η Βιβλιοθήκη του Πανεπιστημίου Μακεδονίας και η Κοινοπραξία Προσβάσιμων Βιβλίων. Εν κατακλείδι, το Δίκαιο της Πνευματικής Ιδιοκτησίας έχει θέσει τα εργαλεία που απαιτούνται για την ορθή αντιμετώπιση της αναπηρίας σε κάθε επίπεδο της καθημερινής ζωής του ατόμου με αναπηρία. Συνεπώς είναι καθήκον όλων μας να σεβόμαστε τη νομοθεσία και να δίνουμε ευκαιρίες στους συνανθρώπους με αναπηρία.The hereunto dissertation discusses the legal issues and the limitations of the copyright’s right in favor of the Individuals with Special Needs, in order to allow the Disabled to be equal to the rest of their co-citizens in the Information Society. The Disabled is a term used to describe all those people who possess a physical or mental disability, which differentiates them from the rest of their co-citizens and sets important obstacles in their everyday lives. Obviously, a Disabled person who lives in a developing country will have fewer opportunities for education and access to the works. But in developed world as well the Disabled people are facing challenges because they have to deal with matters of importance as it concerns their access to education, services and goods. Following, it is mentioned the International, the European Law, the Greek Constitution, and foreign legislative regulations, presenting laws from Australia, Germany, the USA etc. Furthermore, the Disabled’s personality is protected in the same way as non-disabled individuals from each illegal action with the article 57 Greek Civil Code. Copyright Law should not bring obstacles in the protection of the Disabled, but help them. In order to facilitate the access to the works, a limitation of the creator’s economic right has been introduced. Thus, a Disabled person is allowed to reproduce a work for personal use, without the creator’s permission and without any obligation of payment. Moreover, there is an overview of international treaties, Directive 2001/29/EC, article 28A Law 2121/1993, Ministerial Decision YPPO/DIOIK/98546/2007, foreign legislations, Marrakesh Treaty, as well as the Proposal for a Regulation on the cross-border exchange between the Union and third countries of accessible format copies of certain works and other subject-matters protected by copyright and related rights for the benefit of persons who are blind, visually impaired or otherwise print disabled. Finally, it is presented the issue of access to Libraries for Disabled persons not only in Greece, but also in foreign legislations. Providing that it is not required contractual capacity in order to create, a Disabled person can be a creator, so he/she will enjoy the creator’s rights. Furthermore, as authorized entities are considered all those Non Profit Organizations which are responsible to reproduce the works and facilitate the access to information, services and goods in favor of the Disabled people. Examples of authorized entities are the Accessibility Unit of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, the Library of the University of Macedonia and the Accessible Books Consortium. To sum up, the Copyright Law has posed the required tools in order to deal with disability in every aspect of the Disabled person’s everyday life. Thus, it is our obligation to respect this legislation and provide opportunities to our Disabled co-citizens

The effect of nutrient solution composition on development of Cichorium spinosum plants

In the present study, the effect of nutrient solution composition on plant growth and quality of Cichorium spinosum L. was examined. Five fertilizer treatments were applied through irrigation water differing in the nitrate: ammonium nitrogen ratio of total nitrogen, namely (1) 100:0, (2) 75:25, (3) 50:50, (4) 25:75, 5) 0:100 NO3:NH4, while an extra treatment (6) with total nitrogen only in urea form was applied. All the treatments received the same amount of fertilizer units (20-20-20 mg L-1 of N, P and K, respectively). Plants were grown in 2 L pots containing peat (Klassman-Deilmann KTS2) and harvested three times during the growing period, and when they reached marketable size. At each harvest day, plant development was assessed (number, fresh and dry weight of leaves, and rosette diameter). The results suggest that nitrogen form has a significant effect on plant growth and yield of C. spinosum plants. In particular, fresh weight and number of leaves, and rosette diameter were significantly increased when ratio of nitrate: ammonium nitrogen was 75:25 or 0:100, especially in the 1st harvest, while in the 3rd harvest treatment 100:0 showed the best results. However, this did not affect total fresh weight and number of leaves which were higher for treatments 100:0 and 75:25, respectively. Therefore, higher ammonium nitrogen rates seem to be beneficial for plant development only during the early stages, while at later growth stages nitrate nitrogen has better results. In any case, ureic nitrogen is not suggested since it has severe effects on plant development, probably due to toxicity issues.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Effect of storage on quality features of local onion landrace ‘Vatikiotiko’

‘Vatikiotiko’ is a Greek landrace of Allium cepa L. of the Liliaceae family, cultivated only in the region of Vatika, in Lakonia prefecture as a short day onion. The dry bulbs are a quality product highly sought after in Greek market, since this is the earliest onion that comes out during Spring. However, so far the production is limited and the potential of this landrace is not fully developed. In the present study we examined the effect of storage at two temperatures (23±1 and 5±1°C) and 60-70% RH (relative humidity) on marketability and quality features of dry bulbs of ‘Vatikiotiko’ landrace and ‘Sivan F1’ which is also cultivated in the specific region. The experiments were carried out at the University of Thessaly, Greece during the period 2014-2015. The quality features that were recorded during storage included fresh weight loss, bulb firmness, antioxidants and sugar’s composition. The measurements were taken at regular intervals and the storage was completed when either bulbs had not marketable quality or sprouting occurred. So far the results have shown that ‘Vatikiotiko’ onion can be stored for 7 months at both temperatures, whereas at 5±1°C storage could be prolonged for almost 8 months without significant marketability and quality loss. Similarly, ‘Sivan F1’ sprouting occurred after 5 and 6 months at 23±1 and 5±1°C, respectively. Therefore, the fact that ‘Vatikiotiko’ landrace is a storage onion allows for further valorization in order to increase total production and yield, since the stored product could cover the market needs that arise throughout the year, whereas breeding is needed in order to minimize the genetic variability of the landrace and increase uniformity of the final product.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Cichorium spinosum L. leaves in relation to developmental stage

In the present study, chemical composition and bioactivity of Cichorium spinosum leaves were examined at different growth stages for optimum harvest stage and end-use assessment. Total fresh weight and number of leaves were higher at 4th growth stage; however, at this stage the end-use is not indicated for raw consumption but mostly for pickled or dried products. Regarding chemical composition, the highest content of tocopherols and minerals was observed in the 1st growth stage, whereas sugars content was the highest in 3rd and 4th growth stage. Polyunsaturated fatty acids content was the highest during the first two growth stages, whereas antioxidant activity, phenolic acids and total phenolic compounds content in the 3rd stage. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that chemical composition of C. spinosum is highly depended on development stage, and harvest stage should be considered for alternative uses of end-products with high bioactivity.The authors would like to thank Miss Constantina Fassoli and Stavroula Anesti for their technical assistance throughout the experiment. The authors are also grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) and FEDER under Programme PT2020 for financial support to CIMO (UID/ AGR/00690/2013) and L. Barros (SFRH/BPD/107855/2015) grant.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Nutrient solution composition and growing season affect yield and chemical composition of Cichorium spinosum plants

Nitrogen fertilizer form may affect quality and yield of leafy vegetables. In the present study, the effect of ammonium nitrogen rates on yield and chemical composition of Cichorium spinosum L. was examined. Five fertilizer treatments with different amounts of ammonium nitrogen (F1: 14%, F2: 24%, F3: 34%, F4: 43% and F5: 53% NH 4 -0N of total N) were applied. Fertilizer treatments had a significant effect on both plant fresh weight and chemical composition, depending on growing period and harvest stage. For both harvests of the 1st growing period, yield was higher in treatments F4 (43% NH 4 -N) and F5 (53% NH 4 -N), whereas in the 2nd growing period yield was higher for treatments F1, F2 and F3. Moreover, the highest content of total phenolics were recorded in the 2nd growing period. Antioxidant properties were also affected by fertilization treatments and growing periods, with antioxidant potency being higher in the 2nd growing period and for treatments F1 and F2. According to the results of the present study, nitrogen fertilizer form should be considered together with growing period and harvest stage as a useful means towards increasing the quality of the final product without compromising total yield.The authors thank the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) and FEDER under Programme PT2020 for financial support to CIMO (UID/AGR/00690/2013) and L. Barros (SFRH/BPD/107855/2015) grant. This work was also financially supported by: Project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006984–Associate Laboratory LSRE-LCM funded by FEDER through COMPETE2020-Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização (POCI)–and by national funds through FCT-Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The impact of fertilization regime on the crop performance and chemical composition of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivated in central Greece

Potato cultivation is quite demanding in inorganic nutrients and adequate fertilization is a key factor for maximizing yield and producing tubers of high quality. In the present study, a field experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of various forms of fertilization on crop performance and the nutritional value and chemical composition of two potato varieties (cv. Spunta and cv. Kennebec). For this purpose, five different fertilizer treatments were applied namely: control (C), standard fertilizer (T1), standard fertilizer + zeolite (T2), manure (T3) and slow release nitrogen fertilizer (T4). According to the results, it was observed that slow release treatment (T4) achieved the highest yield for both varieties, while the control treatment presented significantly lower yield compared to the studied fertilization regimes. The dry matter of leaves and shoots was higher in T1 treatment for cv. Kennebec and in T2 and T4 treatments for cv. Spunta, whereas the control treatment presented the highest dry matter content in tubers for cv. Kennebec and T2 and T3 treatments for cv. Spunta. A significant effect of the fertilization regime was also observed on the nutritional value of tubers and more specifically the protein, ash and fat content was increased by treatments T1 and T4, while carbohydrate content was also increased by T3 and T4 treatments for both varieties. Similarly, the total sugars, organic acids, β-carotene and lycopene content was increased in T3 treatment for the Spunta variety, while the antioxidant capacity showed a varied response depending on the fertilizer regime and the tested variety. In conclusion, the fertilization regime has a significant effect not only on the tuber yield but also on the quality of the final product and should be considered as an effective tool to increase the added value of potato crop.The authors would like to thank Mr. Nikos Vasileios (BSc) and Dr. Souipas Spyridon for their technical assistance throughout the growing period of the experiment. The authors are also grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) and FEDER under Programme PT2020 for financial support to CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020), national funding by FCT, P.I., through the institutional scientific employment program-contract for A. Fernandes and L. Barros contracts.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The optimization of nitrogen fertilization regulates crop performance and quality of processing tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Heinz 3402)

In this study, we evaluated the e ect of various fertilization regimes on processing tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Heinz 3402) yield and quality by applying the following treatments: (i) control (C), (ii) conventional fertilizer (21-0-0, N-P-K) (CF), (iii) slow release nitrogen fertilizer 46-0-0 (SR), (iv) conventional fertilizer (21-0-0, N-P-K) + Zeolite (CFZ), and v) composted sheep manure (M). The results of the study showed that the SR and CFZ treatments resulted in the highest fruit yield per hectare compared to the rest of the fertilizer and the control treatments. Fruit firmness was higher for the treatments C,Mand SR, while color parameters (chroma and hue angle) were higher for the C and M treatments, respectively. Moreover, the total soluble solids content (TSS; Brix) was higher when manure (M) was applied. In terms of chemical composition, the total and individual tocopherols and sugars were the highest for the M and C treatments, respectively, whereas the oxalic, malic and total organic acid contents were the highest for the CFZ treatment. Moreover, the tested treatments showed a varied response in di erent antioxidant assays, although the M treatment exhibited a high antioxidant capacity in most of the assays, except for the -carotene/linoleate assay. The carotenoid and chlorophyll contents were the highest for the control treatment. The main detected fatty acid was linoleic acid, followed by palmitic, oleic and -linolenic acid, while the CFZ treatment had the highest content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) due to its high content of linoleic acid. In conclusion, although the application of fertilizers increased yield, the quality parameters and chemical composition showed a varied response to the fertilization regime, especially the TSS content and juice pH and electric conductivity (EC), which are significant for the marketability of the final product.The authors would like to thank Souipas Spyridon for their technical assistance throughout the growing period of the experiment. The authors are also grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) and FEDER under Programme PT2020 for financial support to CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020), national funding by FCT, P.I., through the institutional scientific employment program-contract for A. Fernandes and L. Barros contracts.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Long-term storage effect on chemical composition, nutritional value and quality of Greek onion landrace “Vatikiotiko”

The effect of storage at two temperatures (5±1 and 25±1 °C and 60-70±5% RH for both temperatures) on marketability and quality features of dry bulbs of local landrace "Vatikiotiko", "Sivan F1", "Red Cross F1" and "Creamgold" was examined. During storage measurements for fresh and dry weight of bulbs, tunic and flesh color, bulb firmness, nutritional value and mineral composition were taken at regular intervals. Storage concluded when either bulbs lost marketable quality or sprouting occurred. "Vatikiotiko" onion can be stored for at least 7months at 25±1 °C, whereas at 5±1 °C storage could be prolonged without significant marketability and quality loss. The fact that "Vatikiotiko" landrace can be considered a "storage" onion has to be capitalized in order to increase total production and yield, since storage could cover the market needs that arise throughout the year

The effect of long-term storage on quality of “vatikiotiko” onion

In the present study the effect of long-term storage on “Vatikiotiko” onion in comparison to the “Sivan F1” hybrid. Dry bulbs of both genotypes were stored in two temperatures (5 and 25 °C) and 60-70% RH. During and after storage, weight loss (%), antioxidant activity, total soluble solids content, mineral composition and organic acid content were measured. According to the results, it was found that “Vatikiotiko” onion is suitable for long-term storage (at least 7 months) at both temperatures (5 and 25 °C), without significant weight loss and sprouting incidence, whereas for “Sivan F1” sprouting was observed after 5 and 6 months of storage at 25 and 5 °C, respectively. Total soluble solids content was not affected significantly during storage in both genotypes, whereas flavonoids content increased significantly only in “Sivan F1”. The rest of antioxidant activity parameters had similar responses in both genotypes and storage temperatures and either increased (β-carotene, reducing power) or decreased (TBARS). Regarding mineral composition, K content increased and Ca and Mg content decreased in both genotypes, whereas for the other mineral elements the responses differed according to the genotype. Organic acids content increased in “Sivan F1” during storage, whereas no significant changes were observed in “Vatikiotiko” onion. In conclusion, ‘Vatikiotiko’ landrace has a high potential for long-term storage, at either 5 or 25 °C.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Monitoring Potentially Toxic Element Pollution in Three Wheat-Grown Areas with a Long History of Industrial Activity and Assessment of Their Effect on Human Health in Central Greece

Agricultural lands, especially those where wheat is cultivated, in the vicinity of intense anthropogenic activities may be laden with potentially toxic elements (PTEs), resulting in increased risk for human health. In this study we monitored three regions located in central Greece, currently cultivated with wheat: Domokos and Eretria, two areas with abandoned chromium mines, but never studied before, and the industrial area of Volos, near a major steel factory. All soils were alkaline with medium CaCO3 content. As expected, Cr was extremely high in the first two areas (705.2 in Eretria and 777.5 mg kg−1 in Domokos); Ni was also found elevated (1227 in Eretria, 1315 in Domokos and 257.6 mg kg−1 in the steel factory), while other harmful metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) were rather low. As a result, pollution load index, a cumulative index showing the contamination level of an area, was higher than 1.0 in all three areas (Eretria = 2.20, Domokos = 2.28, and steel factory = 1.61), indicating high contamination and anthropogenic inputs. As for the wheat parts (shoots and grains), they were found to have no elevated concentrations of any of the measured metals in all three study areas, probably due to the alkaline soil pH that decelerates metal mobility. This was also confirmed by the very low soil-to-plant transfer coefficient values for all metals. In assessing the possible risk concerning human health, we found that the soil-to-human pathway would induce no significant risk (exhibited by hazard index of less than 1.0), while the risk from grain-to-human resulted in considerable risk for human health in the steel factory of Volos (where HI > 1.0). Our findings suggest that rural areas never studied before with a history in some offensive anthropogenic activity can prove to be a contamination hotspot; we regard this study as a pivotal for similarly never-visited-before areas casually cultivated with wheat (or other important crops for human nutrition). We further recognize the need for a more in-depth study that would acknowledge the geochemical speciation of the studied metals and also monitor other important crops and their possible uptake of PTEs