Le système d’information de la GPU : la situation politique en Ukraine dans les années 1920 rapportée à Kaganovič.

RésuméNotre article examine le rôle de L. Kaganovič dans l’élaboration et la mise en place de la politique du pouvoir soviétique en Ukraine dans les années 1920, ainsi que la façon dont Kaganovič était informé par les organes de la GPU. Sur la base de nouveaux documents d’archives conservés dans le fonds personnel de Kaganovič au RGASPI, nous étudions comment les dirigeants du parti communiste voyaient la politique de l’ukrainisation, le mouvement nationaliste ukrainien et l’industrialisation. La volonté des dirigeants d’intégrer l’Ukraine à l’URSS le plus complètement possible, d’utiliser le mouvement nationaliste ukrainien pour légitimer leur pouvoir et élargir le fondement social du régime communiste faisait partie intégrante de cette vision. En même temps, Kaganovič, avec le soutien de Stalin, voyait dans l’Ukraine une base pour le déploiement de la révolution prolétarienne mondiale vers les pays d’Europe de l’Ouest. Le concept de lutte des classes et l’idée d’une dictature brutale du prolétariat étaient le fondement de la conception qu’avait Kaganovič des processus sociaux. Selon lui, les organes de la GPU devaient jouer un rôle crucial dans la construction du socialisme en Ukraine. D’un côté, il donnait des instructions politiques et idéologiques à la GPU qui prédéterminaient la direction de l’activité des tchékistes, même en ce qui concernait le renseignement, et de l’autre, les renseignements de la GPU permettaient aux dirigeants communistes de prendre des mesures politiques et idéologiques extrêmement précises visant à maintenir le cap politique et à renforcer le pouvoir du parti communiste en Ukraine.AbstractThe informational system of the GPU: How L. Kaganovich was informed about the Ukrainian political situation in the 1920s.Our article examines what role L. Kaganovich played in the elaboration and realization of the Soviet leaders’ political program in Ukraine in the 1920s and how he got information from GPU organs. Based on new archive materials held in Kaganovich’s personal files at RGASPI, our study analyzes specific features of party leaders’ approach to Ukrainization, to the Ukrainian nationalist movement and to industrialization. Party leaders aimed primarily at integrating Ukraine in the Soviet Union as thoroughly as possible and at using the Ukrainian nationalist movement to legitimate their power and enlarge the social basis of the communist regime. At the same time, Kaganovich, with Stalin’s support, viewed Ukraine as an operating ground for spreading world proletarian revolution to West European countries

Influence of intermartensitic transitions on transport properties of Ni2.16Mn0.84Ga alloy

Magnetic, transport, and x-ray diffraction measurements of ferromagnetic shape memory alloy Ni$_{2.16}$Mn$_{0.84}$Ga revealed that this alloy undergoes an intermartensitic transition upon cooling, whereas no such a transition is observed upon subsequent heating. The difference in the modulation of the martensite forming upon cooling from the high-temperature austenitic state [5-layered (5M) martensite], and the martensite forming upon the intermartensitic transition [7-layered (7M) martensite] strongly affects the magnetic and transport properties of the alloy and results in a large thermal hysteresis of the resistivity $\rho$ and magnetization $M$. The intermartensitic transition has an especially marked influence on the transport properties, as is evident from a large difference in the resistivity of the 5M and 7M martensite, $(\rho_{\mathrm{5M}} - \rho_{\mathrm{7M}})/\rho _{\mathrm{5M}} \approx 15$, which is larger than the jump of resistivity at the martensitic transition from the cubic austenitic phase to the monoclinic 5M martensitic phase. We assume that this significant difference in $\rho$ between the martensitic phases is accounted for by nesting features of the Fermi surface. It is also suggested that the nesting hypothesis can explain the uncommon behavior of the resistivity at the martensitic transition, observed in stoichiometric and near-stoichiometric Ni-Mn-Ga alloys.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figures, REVTEX

The enhancement of phase separation aspect in electron doped manganite Ca0.8Sm0.16Nd0.04MnO3

The complex lanthanide doping of electron manganites results in enhancement of various phase separation effects in physical properties of these compounds. Selecting Ca0.8Sm0.16Nd0.04MnO3 as a model case we show that the first order structural phase transition from paramagnetic semi-metallic phase into anti-ferromagnetic semi-metallic phase at TS ~ 158 +- 4 K is marked by an abrupt decrease in magnetization, a step like anomaly DL/L = 10-4 in thermal expansion and large latent heat DQ = 610 J/mol. In a certain temperature range below TS, the high field magnetization exhibits hysteretic metamagnetic behavior due to field-induced first order transformation. ac-susceptibility, magnetization and resistivity data suggest rather a non-uniform state in Ca0.8Sm0.16Nd0.04MnO3 at low temperatures. The metal - insulator transition occurs at TMI ~112 +- 3 K, accompanied by a step-like increase in magnetization. These features could be ascribed to "sponging" of electrons from neighboring anti-ferromagnetic matrix by clusters undergoing the ferromagnetic ordering.Comment: submitted to J.Phys. Cond. Matte

Anisotropic field dependence of the magnetic transition in Cu2Te2O5Br2

We present the results of measurements of the thermal conductivity of Cu2Te2O5Br2, a compound where tetrahedra of Cu^{2+} ions carrying S=1/2 spins form chains along the c-axis of the tetragonal crystal structure. The thermal conductivity kappa was measured along both the c- and the a-direction as a function of temperature between 3 and 300 K and in external magnetic fields H up to 69 kOe, oriented both parallel and perpendicular to the c-axis. Distinct features of kappa(T) were observed in the vicinity of T_N=11.4 K in zero magnetic field. These features are unaltered in external fields which are parallel to the c-axis, but are more pronounced when a field is applied perpendicularly to the c-axis. The transition temperature increases upon enhancing the external field, but only if the field is oriented along the a-axis.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figure

Quorum Sensing Influences Vibrio harveyi Growth Rates in a Manner Not Fully Accounted For by the Marker Effect of Bioluminescence

The light-emitting Vibrios provide excellent material for studying the interaction of cellular communication with growth rate because bioluminescence is a convenient marker for quorum sensing. However, the use of bioluminescence as a marker is complicated because bioluminescence itself may affect growth rate, e.g. by diverting energy. quorum mutants. growth rate can be either positive or negative and includes both bioluminescence-dependent and independent components. Bioluminescence tends to slow growth rate but not enough to account for the effects of quorum sensing on growth rate

ПОСТРОЕНИЕ НЕЛИНЕЙНОЙ МОДЕЛИ ИННОВАЦИОННОГО РАЗВИТИЯ В ДВУХ СТРАНАХ

The construction of mathematical models of long-term macroeconomic dynamics for a single country and, what is more, a group of countries, is an important task at the current level of development of the world economy. The aim of this work is to build a model of a dynamic game with complete but imperfect information, which examines two countries and within each of them there is a company manufacturing homogeneous innovative products, which is an absolute substitute for the products of another company. Each company sells part of its products in the domestic market, and sells the remaining part to the country in which the competing company manufactures products. Each company seeks to maximize profits based on the invariability of the competitor's output under the assumption of a quadratic non-linearity in the cost function of each company. State regulators in each of these countries seek to maximize the public good of their country by pursuing an effective foreign trade policy. Within the framework of the proposed model, equilibrium internal and external prices for innovative products manufactured by companies and the size of fees on innovative products imported into countries are found analytically, and a numerical analysis of the dynamics of these equilibrium indicators was carried out.Построение математических моделей долгосрочной макроэкономической динамики для отдельной страны и, более того, для группы стран является важной задачей на современном уровне развития мировой экономики. Целью данной работы является построение модели динамической игры с полной, но несовершенной информацией, в которой исследуются две страны и внутри каждой из них существует компания, производящая однородную инновационную продукцию, которая является абсолютной заменой продукции другой компании. Каждая компания продает часть своей продукции на внутреннем рынке, а оставшуюся часть продает стране, в которой конкурирующая компания производит продукцию. Каждая компания стремится максимизировать прибыль на основе неизменности выпуска продукции конкурента в предположении о квадратичной нелинейности функции затрат каждой компании. Государственные регуляторы в каждой из этих стран стремятся максимизировать общественное благо своей страны, проводя эффективную внешнеторговую политику. В рамках предложенной модели аналитически найдены равновесные внутренние и внешние цены на инновационную продукцию, производимую компаниями, а также размер пошлин на инновационную продукцию, ввозимую в страны, и проведен численный анализ динамики этих равновесных показателей