Adenosine 3\u27, 5\u27-cyclic monophosphate activation of islet chloride channels

The objective of this thesis was to understand the regulation of islet Cl⁻ current by cAMP. This current, known as Icl,islet flew is the first Cl⁻ channel current characterized in pancreatic �� cells. Icl,islet has been hypothesized to modulate insulin secretion through changes in islet electrical activity. Both 5 ��M forskolin and 100 ��M IBMX (3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine), agents that increase intracellular cAMP, were shown to activate an outwardly-rectifying ionic current in HIT cells that closely resembled Icl,islet. The current was blocked when iodide was substituted for external Cl⁻ or when the Cl⁻ channel blocker niflumic acid was applied to cells. In contrast, removal of [Na⁺]O did not inhibit the current. In many cells, Cl⁻ current activated and then spontaneously deactivated following cAMP stimulation, suggesting the possibility that the channel desensitizes to [cAMP]i. Exposing cells to multiple cAMP activators revealed that Cl⁻ current declined because it became refractory to increased [cAMP]i. The implication of these results to islet physiology is discussed

Soft-tissue Necrosis Complicating Bone-cement Filling in a Patient with Proximal Tibia Giant cell Tumour and Co-morbid Depressive Illness

Giant-cell tumors are common around the knee. Proximal tibia is a challenging location for limb-salvage due to paucity of soft-tissue cover. Bone cement has been used in treatment of giant-cell tumors after curettage. Tissue irritant properties of its monomer and exothermic reaction involved in polymerization may compromise surgical outcome to varying degrees. Preoperative planning and intra-operative positioning during cementing process are of importance to avoid complications. Co-occurrence of psychiatric illness in tumor patients should be managed by psychiatric counselling and drug therapy. This case has been presented to suggest measures for preventing soft-tissue complications during cement filling in proximal tibia, and for dealing with concomitant psychiatric problems for a holistic improvement in tumor patients

Working with Linguistically Diverse Classes across the Disciplines: Faculty Beliefs

The rapid growth of international students at United States universities in recent years (Institute of International Education, 2013) has prompted discussions about how best to serve this population in and out of the classroom. This article reports on faculty cognitions (Borg, 2006) regarding internationalization and the teaching of international students who are emergent multilinguals. Researchers surveyed faculty members on one campus about their beliefs regarding internationalization, techniques for instruction in culturally and linguistically diverse classrooms, and their own efficacy in teaching international students. Results indicate a theory-reality split in beliefs about internationalization and techniques for teaching international students along with relatively low levels of self-efficacy in working with emergent multilinguals. The article discusses implications for faculty-administration collaboration and faculty development in linguistically-responsive instruction

Extraction and hepatoprotective activity of Pterospermum acerifolium on antitubercular drug induce toxicity in Swiss albino mice

Present study deals with the extraction and hepatoprotective activity of Pterospermum acerifolium on antitubercular drug (Isoniazid and Rifampicin) induce toxicity in swiss albino mice. The leaves of Pterospermum acerifolium were subjected to maceration using hydro alcohol as solvent in the ratio 3:7 for 7 days. Toxicity study was performed on swiss albino mice at the different dose 1/20th, 1/10th and 1/5th   of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight. The effect of extract on biochemical parameters SGOT, SGPT, ALP and Bilirubin against isoniazid and rifampicin (INH+RIF) induced hepatotoxicity in mice was studied using distilled water as control and silymarin as standard. The biochemical studies were done span diagnostic kits. In animals treated with INH+RIF the level of SGOT, SGPT, ALP and Bilirubin was found to significantly high (P<0.05) as compared to vehicle treated group. In extract treated group level of SGOT, SGPT, ALP and Bilirubin was found to be significantly less (P<0.05) as compared to INH+RIF treated group. It can be concluded that hydroalcoholic extract of leaves of Pterospermum acerifolium possess significant heptoprotective potential against INH + RIF induced hepatotoxicity. The extract of leaves of Pterospermum acerifolium can be used in future in combination with antitubercular drug to prevent the acute hepatic damage produced on accidental over dosage

Antimicrobial and Hepatoprotective Potential of Pterospermum acerifollium leaves Extracts on Swiss albino mice

The objective of present study to investigate the hepatoprotective activity of hydro-alcohollic extract leaves of Pterospermum acerifollium against antitubercular drug induced liver damage in swiss albino mice and also performs antimicrobial activity by disc diffusion assay. Successive extractions was performed with different organic solvents viz; hydroalcohollic by cold maceration. The extract was analysed as antioxidant activity as a content of Total phenolic content, Total flavanoid content, Reducing power assay and DPPH Scavenging assay. Antimicrobial activity of methanolic extract was estimated by Agar well diffusion method. Antitubercular drug induced is used as toxicants in hepatoprotective studies in acute condition was analysed by serum biochemical estimations by AST, ALT, ALP and Total Bilirubin. In-vivo Antioxidant activity was performed by LPO, GSH, SOD and Catalase. During the collection of tissue for biochemical estimation piece of tissue cut and transferred for Histopathological estimation. The levels were measured and it indicated that the extract had significant antioxidant activity however the results obtained were dose dependent the higher the dose (400 mg/kg) the better activity. The extract administered at dose 400 mg/kg showed better activity. The treatment with hydroalcohollic extract of Pterospermum acerifillium reduced the elevated levels of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, TB and also reversed the hepatic damage towards normal which further supports the hepatoprotective activity. Keywords: Succesive extraction, In-vivo, Serum biochemical, Cold maceratio

Charge Transport in 2D MoS2, WS2, and MoS2–WS2 Heterojunction-Based Field-Effect Transistors: Role of Ambipolarity

Electrical and optical characteristics of few-layered (3–4 L) chemical vapor deposition (CVD) grown MoS2, WS2, and MoS2–WS2 heterostructure-based back-gated field-effect transistor (FET) devices have herein been studied. The structure, stoichiometry, and work function of the two-dimensional (2D) materials that comprise the channel region have been comprehensively characterized. The MoS2 device exhibits a unipolar n-type behavior with a high field-effect ON/OFF ratio (>103) and a low subthreshold swing of 668 mV/decade at room temperature. WS2 and MoS2–WS2 heterostructure devices exhibit gate driven ambipolarity due to chemically active defect sites, offering precise control on the carrier type necessary for realization of logic devices. Record-high room-temperature electron mobility (19 cm2/V.s) exhibited by the MoS2–WS2 heterostructure device displays an improved electrical performance of almost one order of magnitude higher than already existing 2D devices. The prototype of a 2D complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) logic inverter switch integrating high electronic and optical responses of the MoS2–WS2 heterostructure junction owing to ambipolar FET operation has been demonstrated. The achieved results encompassing superior photoabsorption, atomically thin thickness, and high performance indices suggest that soft 2D heterostructure devices may open a new paradigm in artificial retinal implants and photoelectronics.acceptedVersio

Working with Linguistically Diverse Classes across the Disciplines: Faculty Beliefs

The rapid growth of international students at United States universities in recent years (Institute of International Education, 2013) has prompted discussions about how best to serve this population in and out of the classroom. This article reports on faculty cognitions (Borg, 2006) regarding internationalization and the teaching of international students who are emergent multilinguals. Researchers surveyed faculty members on one campus about their beliefs regarding internationalization, techniques for instruction in culturally and linguistically diverse classrooms, and their own efficacy in teaching international students. Results indicate a theory-reality split in beliefs about internationalization and techniques for teaching international students along with relatively low levels of self-efficacy in working with emergent multilinguals. The article discusses implications for faculty-administration collaboration and faculty development in linguistically-responsive instruction

A complexityoriented approach to global production network design in:

Abstract-The structure of production networks has become more and more complex due to the growth of companies by acquisitions and set ups of production plants to enter new markets. In this paper, we present an approach to design production networks with a minimum level of structural complexity in order to keep up the operability of such networks. The approach consists of three basic elements, all embedded into an optimization algorithm: the capture of structural complexity via characteristic parameters, the determination of causal relations between those parameters and the development of a complexity indicator. Using a data set of a recently conducted industry project, we show that our method is beneficial for the optimization of production networks. Index Terms-complexity measurement, complexity oriented design, optimization algorithm, production networks

Untersuchung zum molekularen Mechanismus der chemisch Induzierten Resistenz in Gerste (Hordeum vulgare L.) gegenüber dem Echten Gerstenmehltaupilz (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei)

Durch die Applikation von chemischen Resistenzinduktoren kommt es in anfälligen Gerstensorten zu einer deutlich erhöhten systemischen Resistenz gegenüber dem Echten Gerstenmehltaupilz (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei, Bgh). Es sollten Gene identifiziert werden, die ursächlich an der Ausbildung dieser Form der Resistenz beteiligt sind und dadurch zur Aufklärung der beteiligten Signalwege beigetragen werden. Unter Verwendung von cDNA-Arrays wurden aus 1536 Genfragmenten 28 Gene identifiziert, die bislang nicht als chemisch induzierbar beschrieben waren. Für fünf dieser Gene wurde die Induzierbarkeit durch two step RT-PCRs bestätigt. Es handelt sich dabei um drei Gene mit bislang unbekannter Funktion, ein Gen mit Homologie zu Reticulon-ähnlichen Genen und eine Cysteinprotease. Ihre Beteiligung an der Resistenz der Gerste gegenüber Bgh wurde mittels transienten knock downs untersucht. Keines der unter¬suchten Gene scheint als Einzelfaktor für eine erfolgreiche Abwehrreaktion erforderlich zu sein. Ein sequenzhomologes Gerstengen zu AtEds5, welches in Arabidopsis ursächlich an der pathogen-induzierten SA-Produktion und SAR beteiligt ist, wurde ebenfalls in Gerste transient ausgeschaltet, um seine Beteiligung an der Resistenzausprägung zu überprüfen. Außerdem wurde die Funktion von HvSgt1 während der cIR in Gerste untersucht, da für Sgt1 in Gerste bereits eine Beteiligung an der R-Gen-vermittelten Resistenz gezeigt werden konnte. Des Weiteren wurden die chemisch induzierbaren Gene Bci2, ein blattspezifisches Thionin, Bci4, ein EF-hand Protein und Bci9, eine saure Phosphatase funktionell untersucht. Es standen stabil transgene Pflanzen zur Verfügung, die Bci4 überexprimieren, während Bci2 und Bci9 im transienten Transformationsassay untersucht wurden. Die transienten knock downs von Eds5 und Sgt1 haben keinen Einfluss auf die Penetrationseffizienz von Bgh. Für Bci4 und Bci9 konnte kein signifikanter Einfluss auf die Gersten-Mehltau Interaktion nachgewiesen werden, während der transiente knock down von Bci2 in BTH-behandelten Gerstenblättern zu einer erhöhten Suszeptibiltät gegenüber Bgh führt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich cDNA-Arrays eher zur Expressionsanalyse, d. h. zur Analyse der Veränderungen in der Zelle, die zur metabolischen Adaption an die Induzierte Resistenz führen, aber nicht unbedingt zur Identifizierung ursächlich an der Resistenzausprägung beteiligter Gene in Gerste eignen. Dazu wäre die Analyse von Mutanten, wie in A. thaliana seit mehreren Jahren praktiziert, besser geeignet. Allerdings ist die Generierung von T-DNA-Insertionslinien in großem Maßstab in Gerste erst in den Anfängen.The application of chemical resistance inducers leads in susceptible barley lines to higher resistance against the infection with the barley powdery mildew fungus (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei, Bgh). Since the signal transduction pathways of the chemical induced resistance (cIR) in monocotyledonous plants are poorly understood, the aim of this work was to identify genes that are causally related to this kind of resistance. Using cDNA-arrays with 1536 gene fragments 28 new genes were identified, that were not described before to be chemical inducible. Five of them could be verified to be chemical inducible using the method of two-step RT-PCR. The functions of three of these genes have until now not been described, one shares homology with reticulon-like genes and one is a cysteine protease. The function of the five genes according the resistance of barley against Bgh was tested using a transient transformation system for silencing the gene expression. None of the tested genes as a single factor seems to have an influence on the pathogen response. A barley gene that shows highest homology to AtEds5, which causally involved in SA-production and SAR, was also transiently knocked down to check its involvement in resistance against Bgh. HvSgt1 was also tested using transient knock down, because it is involved in the R-gene mediated resistance in barley. Additionally the function of Bci2, a leaf-specific thionin, Bci4, an EF-hand protein and Bci9, an acid phosphatase were checked. Bci4 overexpressing cereal plants were available, while Bci2 and Bci9 were checked in transient transformation assays. Transient knock downs of the Eds5-homologue and HvSgt1 have no effect on penetration efficiency of Bgh. Overexpression of the three Bci-genes has also no effect on the resistance against Bgh. Just the transient knock down of Bci2 in BTH-treated barley leaves lead to higher susceptibility against Bgh. cDNA-arrays are a good tool for expression analysis in barley, e. g. for the changes concerning metabolic adaptation to the induced resistance, but they are not suitable for the identification of genes that are causally related to resistance in barley. A mutant screen as it is done in A. thaliana for many years would more appropriate. But the construction of mutant libraries in barley is still on the way