Lipidome analysis of milk composition in humans, monkeys, bovids, and pigs

Lipids contained in milk are an essential source of energy and structural materials for a growing neonate. Furthermore, lipids’ long-chain unsaturated fatty acid residues can directly participate in neonatal tissue formation. Here, we used untargeted mass spectrometric measurements to assess milk lipid composition in seven mammalian species: humans, two macaque species, cows, goats, yaks, and pigs

Защита томата от болезней при выращивании в открытом грунте в условиях Приморского края

Relevance. Climatic factors of Primorsky Region make the most favorable conditions for developing of a diseases of vegetable crops. In such conditions leaves surfaces of the plants are defeated with the phytopathogens from Phytophthora, Alternaria, Septoria and Xanthomonas genus.Materials and methods. In the years 2016, 2017 some research on determination of the effectiveness of protective activities for the diseases control of tomatoes in the open field were taken in the Primorskaya Vegetable experimental station. Some activity was carried out with the sort of tomatoes Odissey in the coastal zone of Primorsky Region in the conditions of the monsoon climate with annual rainfall 700-800 mm, greater part of which falls in the summer season. Fungicides Acrobat MT, Orvego, Cignum and Skor were chosen for studying. The first cultivation with preparations took place in the first decade of July in a period of appearing of the first signs of Alternaria on tomato leaves surfaces. Two next cultivations were  carried out with the intervals of 14-16 days according to the weather conditions.Results. At protecting from Alternaria (79.4%) the greatest biological effectiveness was shown by the fungicide Cignum. The biggest tomato crop productivity was also reached thank to cultivation with this fungicide: the crop raising of tomato commercial fruit was 15.2 t/h or 70.4% by comparison with the control version.Актуальность. Природно-климатические факторы Приморского края создают наиболее благоприятные условия для развития болезней овощных культур. Листовая поверхность растений томата в этих условиях поражается фитопатогенами из родов Phytophthora, Alternaria, Septoria и Xanthomonas.Материал и методы. В 2016-2017 годах на Приморской овощной опытной станции – филиале Федерального государственного бюджетного научного учреждения «Федеральный научный центр овощеводства» изучали эффективность защитных мероприятий для борьбы с заболеваниями томата в открытом грунте. Работу проводили на сорте томата селекции Приморской ООС Одиссей в прибрежной зоне Приморского края в условиях муссонного климата с годовым количеством осадков 700-800 мм, большая часть которых приходится на летний период. Для изучения были взяты фунгициды Акробат МЦ, Орвего, Сигнум и Скор. Первую обработку проводили в период появления первых признаков альтернариоза на листовой поверхности томата, в первой декаде июля. Две последующие обработки – с интервалом 14-16 дней в зависимости от погодных условий.Результаты. Наибольшую биологическую эффективность при защите от альтернариоза (79,4%) показал фунгицид Сигнум. Наибольшая урожайность томата также была получена в результате обработок этим фунгицидом: повышение урожая товарных плодов составило 15,2 т/га или 70,4% по сравнению с контрольным вариантом

Итоги селекционной работы по вигне-адзуки (Vigna angularis (Willd)) для муссонного климата Дальнего Востока России

At the Primorskaya vegetable experimental station – branch of the Federal state budgetary scientific institution «Federal scientific vegetable center», selection and introduction into production of a new legume crop for Russia – adzuki cowpea. The varieties Asia (for universal cultivation) and Far East (for horticultural vegetable growing) were created and included in the State Register of the Russian Federation. Promising specimens have been created, which, in terms of their biological and economic indicators, are not inferior to the varieties Asia and Far East. Primary seed production of new varieties is underway and their introduction into farms and garden vegetable growing. The grain yield of cowpea-adzuki universal samples ranged from 3.15 t/ha (Asia variety, standard) to 2.77 t/ha (sample POOS 31-15). The highest grain productivity was observed in the standard (Asia - 22.5 g/plant) and in sample POOS 44-15 (20.8 g/plant). The Asia variety and the promising sample POOS 31-15 (20.2 pieces/plant) produce the most beans per plant. It was noted that the Dalnevostochnaya variety has the greatest resistance to cracking of beans during their ripening (7.2 points). Samples for universal cultivation have above average resistance to bean cracking (5.8-6.5 points). The plant height of promising samples is quite favorable for combine harvesting: 64 (POOS 31-15) – 71 (POOS 39-15) cm. Due to the fact that the flowering of cowpea-adzuki is extended, the ripening of beans is rarely 100%. For promising samples, this indicator is high and amounts to 95.5% (POOS 44-15) - 99.8% (POOS 31-15), which fully complies with the ATT requirements (more than 90%). The creation of varieties of a new vegetable crop for Russia will improve the economics of agricultural production in the difficult climatic conditions of the Far Eastern Federal District.На Приморской овощной опытной станции – филиале ФГБНУ ФНЦО ведется селекция и внедрение в производство новой для России бобовой культуры – вигны-адзуки. Созданы и включены в Госреестр РФ сорта Азия (для универсального выращивания) и Дальневосточная (для садово-огородного овощеводства). Созданы перспективные образцы, по своим биолого-хозяйственным показателям не уступающие сортам Азия и Дальневосточная. Ведется первичное семеноводство новых сортов и внедрение их в фермерские хозяйства и дачно-огородное овощеводство. Урожайность зерна вигны-адзуки универсальных образцов колебалась от 3,15 т/га (сорт Азия, стандарт) до 2,77 т/га (образец ПООС 31-15). Наибольшая продуктивность зерна отмечена у стандарта (Азия – 22,5 г/раст.) и у образца ПООС 44-15 (20,8 г/раст.). Больше всего бобов на растении формируется у сорта Азия и у перспективного образца ПООС 31-15 (20,2 шт./раст.). Отмечено, что наибольшая устойчивость к растрескиваемости бобов при их созревании у сорта Дальневосточная (7,2 балла). У образцов для универсального выращивания устойчивость к растрескиваемости бобов выше средней (5,8-6,5 балла). Высота растений у перспективных образцов вполне благоприятна для комбайновой уборки: 64 (ПООС 31-15) – 71 (ПООС 39-15) см. В связи с тем, что цветение у вигны-адзуки растянутое, вызреваемость бобов редко бывает 100%. У перспективных образцов данный показатель высокий и составляет 95,5% (ПООС 44-15) – 99,8% (ПООС 31-15), что вполне соответствует требованиям АТТ (более 90%). Создание сортов новой для России овощной культуры позволит поднять экономику сельскохозяйственного производства в сложном по климатическим условиям ДФ

ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ ЗАЩИТНЫХ МЕРОПРИЯТИЙ ОТ КОМПЛЕКСА БОЛЕЗНЕЙ НА МОРКОВИ СТОЛОВОЙ

In 2016, 2017 studies on the influence of fungicides on the development of diseases on the leaf surface of carrots were carried out. To study were taken fungicides Akanto Plus, Signum, fast and Rex duo. The research was carried out on the varieties of carrots of the Primorskyaya 22 and Taiphun. The work was carried out at the seaside vegetable Experimental Station – branch of the federal State budget scientific institution "Federal Scientific Center of vegetable growing" in coastal zone of Primorsky Krai in conditions of monsoon climate with annual quantity Precipitation 700-800 mm, most of which falls on the summer period. Natural climatic factors of Primorsky Krai create the most favorable conditions for development of high infectious background of pathogenic flora. The leaves of carrots here are amazed fitopatogenami from childbirth Alternaria, Cercospora, Xanthomonas. Diseases appear in the sowing of carrots usually in the second half of the growing season, after clamping tops in rows. The first treatment of drugs was carried out at the appearance of the first signs of disease on the leaf surface of the carrot, two subsequent treatments-in 14-16 days, depending on weather conditions. The most biological efficacy after three treatment showed the fungicide Signum: 53.2% on the variety of Primorskyaya 22 and 54.3% on the grade Taiphun, which contributed to the highest yield of carrots in this variant. The increase in the yield of standard root crops was here 10.0 t/ha or 41.0% on the grade of the Primorskyaya 22 and 7.6 t/ha or 28.4% on the grade Taiphun compared to the control version.В 2016-2017 годах проведены исследования по влиянию фунгицидов на развитие болезней на листовой поверхности моркови. Для изучения были взяты фунгициды Аканто Плюс, Сигнум, Скор и Рекс Дуо. Исследования проводили на сортах моркови селекции Приморской ООС Приморская 22 и Тайфун. Работу вели на Приморской овощной опытной станции – филиале Федерального государственного бюджетного научного учреждения «Федеральный научный центр овощеводства» в прибрежной зоне Приморского края в условиях муссонного климата с годовым количеством осадков 700-800 мм, большая часть которых приходится на летний период. Природно-климатические факторы Приморского края создают наиболее благоприятные условия для развития высокого инфекционного фона патогенной флоры. Листья моркови здесь поражаются фитопатогенами из родов Alternaria, Cercospora, Xanthomonas. Заболевания появляются в посевах моркови обычно во второй половине вегетационного периода, после смыкания ботвы в рядках. Первую обработку препаратами проводили при появлении первых признаков болезней на листовой поверхности моркови, две последующие обработки – через 14-16 суток в зависимости от погодных условий. Наибольшую биологическую эффективность после трех обработок показал фунгицид Сигнум: 53,2% – на сорте Приморская 22 и 54,3% – на сорте Тайфун, что способствовало получению наибольшей урожайности моркови в этом варианте. Повышение урожая стандартных корнеплодов составило здесь 10,0 т/га или 41,0% на сорте Приморская 22 и 7,6 т/га или 28,4% на сорте Тайфун по сравнению с контрольным вариантом

Investigating volatile compounds in the Bacteroides secretome

Microorganisms and their hosts communicate with each other by secreting numerous components. This cross-kingdom cell-to-cell signaling involves proteins and small molecules, such as metabolites. These compounds can be secreted across the membrane via numerous transporters and may also be packaged in outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). Among the secreted components, volatile compounds (VOCs) are of particular interest, including butyrate and propionate, which have proven effects on intestinal, immune, and stem cells. Besides short fatty acids, other groups of volatile compounds can be either freely secreted or contained in OMVs. As vesicles might extend their activity far beyond the gastrointestinal tract, study of their cargo, including VOCs, is even more pertinent. This paper is devoted to the VOCs secretome of the Bacteroides genus. Although these bacteria are highly presented in the intestinal microbiota and are known to influence human physiology, their volatile secretome has been studied relatively poorly. The 16 most well-represented Bacteroides species were cultivated; their OMVs were isolated and characterized by NTA and TEM to determine particle morphology and their concentration. In order to analyze the VOCs secretome, we propose a headspace extraction with GC–MS analysis as a new tool for sample preparation and analysis of volatile compounds in culture media and isolated bacterial OMVs. A wide range of released VOCs, both previously characterized and newly described, have been revealed in media after cultivation. We identified more than 60 components of the volatile metabolome in bacterial media, including fatty acids, amino acids, and phenol derivatives, aldehydes and other components. We found active butyrate and indol producers among the analyzed Bacteroides species. For a number of Bacteroides species, OMVs have been isolated and characterized here for the first time as well as volatile compounds analysis in OMVs. We observed a completely different distribution of VOC in vesicles compared to the bacterial media for all analyzed Bacteroides species, including almost complete absence of fatty acids in vesicles. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the VOCs secreted by Bacteroides species and explores new perspectives in the study of bacterial secretomes in relation the intercellular communication

Microfluidic droplet platform for ultrahigh-throughput single-cell screening of biodiversity

© 2017, National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.Ultrahigh-throughput screening (uHTS) techniques can identify unique functionality from millions of variants. To mimic the natural selection mechanisms that occur by compartmentalization in vivo, we developed a technique based on single-cell encapsulation in droplets of a monodisperse microfluidic double water-in-oil-in-water emulsion (MDE). Biocompatible MDE enables in-droplet cultivation of different living species. The combination of droplet-generating machinery with FACS followed by next-generation sequencing and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the secretomes of encapsulated organisms yielded detailed genotype/phenotype descriptions. This platform was probed with uHTS for biocatalysts anchored to yeast with enrichment close to the theoretically calculated limit and cell-to-cell interactions. MDE-FACS allowed the identification of human butyrylcholinesterase mutants that undergo self-reactivation after inhibition by the organophosphorus agent paraoxon. The versatility of the platform allowed the identification of bacteria, including slow-growing oral microbiota species that suppress the growth of a common pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus, and predicted which genera were associated with inhibitory activity

Protection from diseases of tomato cultivation in the open ground in the Primorsky Territory

Relevance. Climatic factors of Primorsky Region make the most favorable conditions for developing of a diseases of vegetable crops. In such conditions leaves surfaces of the plants are defeated with the phytopathogens from Phytophthora, Alternaria, Septoria and Xanthomonas genus.Materials and methods. In the years 2016, 2017 some research on determination of the effectiveness of protective activities for the diseases control of tomatoes in the open field were taken in the Primorskaya Vegetable experimental station. Some activity was carried out with the sort of tomatoes Odissey in the coastal zone of Primorsky Region in the conditions of the monsoon climate with annual rainfall 700-800 mm, greater part of which falls in the summer season. Fungicides Acrobat MT, Orvego, Cignum and Skor were chosen for studying. The first cultivation with preparations took place in the first decade of July in a period of appearing of the first signs of Alternaria on tomato leaves surfaces. Two next cultivations were  carried out with the intervals of 14-16 days according to the weather conditions.Results. At protecting from Alternaria (79.4%) the greatest biological effectiveness was shown by the fungicide Cignum. The biggest tomato crop productivity was also reached thank to cultivation with this fungicide: the crop raising of tomato commercial fruit was 15.2 t/h or 70.4% by comparison with the control version

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PROTECTIVE MEASURES FROM THE DISEASE OF CARROTS

In 2016, 2017 studies on the influence of fungicides on the development of diseases on the leaf surface of carrots were carried out. To study were taken fungicides Akanto Plus, Signum, fast and Rex duo. The research was carried out on the varieties of carrots of the Primorskyaya 22 and Taiphun. The work was carried out at the seaside vegetable Experimental Station – branch of the federal State budget scientific institution "Federal Scientific Center of vegetable growing" in coastal zone of Primorsky Krai in conditions of monsoon climate with annual quantity Precipitation 700-800 mm, most of which falls on the summer period. Natural climatic factors of Primorsky Krai create the most favorable conditions for development of high infectious background of pathogenic flora. The leaves of carrots here are amazed fitopatogenami from childbirth Alternaria, Cercospora, Xanthomonas. Diseases appear in the sowing of carrots usually in the second half of the growing season, after clamping tops in rows. The first treatment of drugs was carried out at the appearance of the first signs of disease on the leaf surface of the carrot, two subsequent treatments-in 14-16 days, depending on weather conditions. The most biological efficacy after three treatment showed the fungicide Signum: 53.2% on the variety of Primorskyaya 22 and 54.3% on the grade Taiphun, which contributed to the highest yield of carrots in this variant. The increase in the yield of standard root crops was here 10.0 t/ha or 41.0% on the grade of the Primorskyaya 22 and 7.6 t/ha or 28.4% on the grade Taiphun compared to the control version

Fragmentation spectra results for the detected metabolites of <i>S. melliferum</i>, <i>M. gallisepticum</i> and <i>A. laidlawii</i>, and fragmentation spectra of the analyzed ion standards from the Metlin database [23] in the same experimental conditions (fixed collision energy of 20 eV).

<p>Fragmentation spectra results for the detected metabolites of <i>S. melliferum</i>, <i>M. gallisepticum</i> and <i>A. laidlawii</i>, and fragmentation spectra of the analyzed ion standards from the Metlin database <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0089312#pone.0089312-Yus1" target="_blank">[23]</a> in the same experimental conditions (fixed collision energy of 20 eV).</p

Metabolomic Analysis of Three Mollicute Species

<div><p>We present a systematic study of three bacterial species that belong to the class Mollicutes, the smallest and simplest bacteria, <i>Spiroplasma melliferum</i>, <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i>, and <i>Acholeplasma laidlawii</i>. To understand the difference in the basic principles of metabolism regulation and adaptation to environmental conditions in the three species, we analyzed the metabolome of these bacteria. Metabolic pathways were reconstructed using the proteogenomic annotation data provided by our lab. The results of metabolome, proteome and genome profiling suggest a fundamental difference in the adaptation of the three closely related Mollicute species to stress conditions. As the transaldolase is not annotated in Mollicutes, we propose variants of the pentose phosphate pathway catalyzed by annotated enzymes for three species. For metabolite detection we employed high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. We used liquid chromatography method - hydrophilic interaction chromatography with silica column - as it effectively separates highly polar cellular metabolites prior to their detection by mass spectrometer.</p></div