Domestic Asset Protection Trusts: Ushering in the Klackaba Era

The growth in the U.S. economy has allowed Americans to increase their savings--but how? A novel approach has emerged in seventeen states: domestic asset product trusts (DAPTs). DAPTs are self-settled spindthrift trusts that allow the settlor to retain a beneficial interest in the trust while removing it from the reach of future creditors. Through the lens of the favorable ruling in Klackaba v. Nelson, this Note addresses why DAPTs should be regarded as an effective method of protecting a settlor’s money and argue for more states to follow suit

The relationship of temperature to pupal development rates of the western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran

Adult emergence studies conducted with Rhagoletis indifferens Curran reveal that diapause development in this insect is completed most rapidly at approximately 3°C. These results coupled with those reported by Brown (1978) confirm that chilling at 3°C. for ca. 200 days is best when high percent emergence, good synchrony of emergence, and relatively rapid completion of diapause development is required. Studies comparing emergence of field collected insects with that of insects chilled in the laboratory show that in 1978 diapause development in the field was near completion by the end of February. Similar studies may be necessary to pinpoint the end of diapause in the field population in any given year. A standard method was used to determine the thermal developmental threshold for use in degree-day models for adult emergence. This method yielded a value of 10.2°C. A slightly modified version of this standard method yielded a threshold of 11.7°C. A third method was used which entailed weighting data on the basis of the proportional occurrence of experimental incubation temperatures in the field. This method yielded a threshold value of 8.3°C. Comparison of the three thresholds using field emergence and temperature data for a five year period indicated that a model based upon the 8.3°C base threshold performed with less variation from year to year than did models based upon the other two thresholds

Anion channel sensitivity to cytosolic organic acids implicates a central role for oxaloacetate in integrating ion flux with metabolism in stomatal guard cells

Stomatal guard cells play a key role in gas exchange for photosynthesis and in minimizing transpirational water loss from plants by opening and closing the stomatal pore. The bulk of the osmotic content driving stomatal movements depends on ionic fluxes across both the plasma membrane and tonoplast, the metabolism of organic acids, primarily Mal (Imitate), and its accumulation and loss. Anion channels at the plasma membrane are thought to comprise a major pathway for Mal efflux during stomatal closure, implicating their key role in linking solute flux with metabolism. Nonetheless, little is known of the regulation of anion channel current (I(Cl)) by cytosolic Mal or its immediate metabolite OAA (oxaloacetate). In the present study, we have examined the impact of Mal, OAA and of the monocarboxylic acid anion acetate in guard cells of Vicia faba L. and report that all three organic acids affect I(Cl), but with markedly different characteristics and sidedness to their activities. Most prominent was a suppression of I(Cl) by OAA within the physiological range of concentrations found in vivo. These findings indicate a capacity for OAA to co-ordinate organic acid metabolism with I(Cl), through the direct effect of organic acid pool size. The findings of the present study also add perspective to in vivo recordings using acetate-based electrolytes

Domestic Asset Protection Trusts: Ushering in the Klackaba Era

The growth in the U.S. economy has allowed Americans to increase their savings--but how? A novel approach has emerged in seventeen states: domestic asset product trusts (DAPTs). DAPTs are self-settled spindthrift trusts that allow the settlor to retain a beneficial interest in the trust while removing it from the reach of future creditors. Through the lens of the favorable ruling in Klackaba v. Nelson, this Note addresses why DAPTs should be regarded as an effective method of protecting a settlor’s money and argue for more states to follow suit

Antitrust Consideration in Making Investment in the United States

The antitrust laws of the United States have taken on an increasingly significant role with regard to acquisitions and investments generally, and must be taken into consideration by a foreign investor interested in making foreign investments in the United States. Where the requisite contracts exist to establish subject matter jurisdiction, the antitrust laws of the United States will be applied to all proscribed acts regardless of the nationality of the participants. It is clear that most foreign investment in the United States constitutes the requisite minimum contacts required for jurisdiction. There are two primary antitrust areas which should be addressed by those counseling foreign investors interested in investing in the United States. First, attention should be given to antitrust matters relating to the initial acquisition of assets in the United States. Second, foreign investors should receive counsel regarding general prohibitions contained in the United States antitrust laws, particularly where United States law applied more stringent or different requirements than typical antitrust laws in foreign countries. Two statutes are of primary concern in this analysis. The Sherman Act prohibits any contract, combination or conspiracy that creates an unreasonable restraint on trade, and restricts monopolies or attempts to monopolize. These provisions apply to all trades or commerce amoung the several states or with foreign nations. The Clayton Act proscribes price discrimination, ties-ins and exclusive dealings, and, of most significance for this analysis, bars the acquisition of stock or assets where the effect is to substantially lessen competition in a line of commerce

Remarkable remains of the ancient peoples of Guatemala /

Provides a photo-record of numerous sites and objects left behind by the Maya and other pre-Columbian people in Guatemala.Includes bibliographical references (pages 237-238) and index.The South Coast. Ocos, El Jobo, and La Victoria. Abaj Takalik. Palo Gordo. Santa Lucia Cotzumalhuapa area. Monte Alto. Quirigua -- The Lowlands. Canchecan. Naj Tunich. Sacul. Ixtutz. Ixkun. El Chal. Ucanal. Tzikin Tzakan. El Naranjo. Rio Azul. Nakum. Yaxha. Topoxte. Ixlu. Tikal. Uaxactun. El Bejucal. El Zotz. Motul de San Jose. Tayasal. El Peru. La Florida. Piedras Negras. San Diego. Polol. Itsimte. Itzan. La Amelia. Dos Pilas. Arroyo de Piedra. Tamarindito. Aguateca. Cancuen. Treats Islas. Machaquila. Seibal -- The Highlands. Kaminaljuyu. K'umarcaaj. Iximche. Zaculeu. Mixco Viejo. Maximon.Provides a photo-record of numerous sites and objects left behind by the Maya and other pre-Columbian people in Guatemala.Hollevoet, Yan

Residual strength of a high-strength concrete subjected to triaxial pre-stress

Simplified mechanical loading paths, which represent more complex loading paths observed during penetration, were investigated using a triaxial chamber and a high-strength concrete. Objectives were to determine the effects that stress/strain (load) paths had on the material’s unconfined (UC) residual strength. The loading paths included hydrostatic compression (HC), uniaxial strain in compression (UX), and uniaxial strain load biaxial strain unload (UXBX). The experiments indicate that load paths associated with non-visible microstructural damage were HC and UX, which produced minimal impact on the residual UC strength (\u3c30%), while the load paths associated with visible macro-structural damage were UXBX, which significantly reduced the UC strength (\u3e90%). The simplified loading paths were also investigated using a material model driver code that was fit to a widely used Department of Defense material model. Virtual experiment data revealed that the material model investigated overestimated material damage and produced poor results when compared to experimental data