Schools—District Liability: Political Subdivision Liability and School Duties Prevail Over Recreational Use Immunity

M.M. v. Fargo Public School District No. 1, 2010 ND 102, 783 N.W.2d 806In M.M. v. Fargo Public School District No. 1, the North Dakota Supreme Court held North Dakota’s recreational use immunity statutes were not applicable when a student was injured on school grounds during school hours. Thus, a school district, as a political subdivision, can be liable for a student’s injuries pursuant to section 32-12.1-03 of the North Dakota Century Code. Recreational use immunity statutes, or some variation of the statutes, can be found in all states and are in place to encourage landowners to open their property for recreational purposes without facing the risks of liability. While landowners do not have a duty to warn or keep the premises safe for recreational users, a willful or malicious failure to guard or warn against a dangerous condition, use, structure, or activity may still result in liability. Since North Dakota’s enactment of the recreational use immunity statutes in 1965, the statutes have endured several modifications and judicial interpretations, including their applicability to political subdivisions. However, through consideration of the purpose of the recreational use immunity statutes, the location of the accident, other laws pertaining to the special relationship between schools and students, and the analysis provided by other courts, the North Dakota Supreme Court declined to immunize the school district under these statutes when M.M., a student, injured himself while performing a bike stunt in the school auditorium shortly after classes adjourned. By narrowing the use of the recreational use immunity statutes, more liability may result from the M.M. decision as contrary to the legislature’s policy decision behind enacting the statutes

Utility of Health Belief Model Constructs in Predicting Dietary Behaviors Among Female University Students: A Pilot Investigation

This study examined the relationship between Health Belief Model constructs as they related to dietary behaviors in a sample of university women 18-to-25 years of age (n=182). A cross-sectional, non-experimental design was utilized. Independent sample t-tests compared the mean of body mass indices (BMI) to dietary risk and race. Odds ratios amassed relationships between race and healthy food choices. Nearly one-third (32.4%) of participants were either overweight or obese. Black females had significantly higher BMI than white females; however, dietary risk from less-than-adequate fruit and vegetable consumption and consumption of high-fat foods were not related to race. Focus group participants (n=0) were not concerned about their risks of obesity and its sequelae, or appeared only somewhat concerned. However, all felt obesity-related illnesses were severe. None perceived a direct threat, although several admitted friends and fmaily members might be at-risk, ultimately resulting in a behavior change

Contemporary First Person Narrative and the Democratic Practice of Reading

Dans cet article, je propose que les récits contemporains à la première personne prêtent à une pratique de lecture démocratique, malgré l’ambivalence qui accompagne souvent leur réception de la part des publics français et américain. Je définis cette pratique de lecture démocratique comme une fonction du rapport entre l’auteur et le lecteur, qui peut s’établir grâce à l’exclusion de trois optiques à partir desquelles les récits autobiographiques ou autofictionnels sont souvent lus : le doute, le scandale, et le narcissisme. Pour conclure, je relis le roman controversé d’Hervé Guibert, A l’ami qui ne m’a pas sauvé la vie comme emblématique de ce rapport qui crée un espace privilégié d’interaction entre l’auteur et le lecteur et en ce faisant, donne à ce dernier un certain pouvoir sur le texte

Time dependent HPLC analysis of the product ratio of enzymatically reduced prodrug CB1954 by a modified and immobilised nitroreductase

Directed enzyme prodrug therapy is a chemotherapy strategy that utilises prodrug-activating enzymes to activate prodrugs at the tumour location, thus reducing off-target effects. The most commonly investigated enzyme for use with the CB1954 prodrug is the NfnB nitroreductase from E. coli. Literature states that CB1954 is reduced by NfnB at the 2- or 4-position at a 1:1 ratio; deviation from this ratio has been observed in the literature, but not further investigated. The kinetic parameters for the genetically-modified enzymes; NfnB-his, NfnB-cys and AuNP-NfnB-cys were assessed and HPLC analysis was used to determine the hydroxylamine product ratios formed when reacted with CB1954. Time-dependent HPLC studies were carried out to assess how this ratio changes over time. It was shown that the hydroxylamine ratio formed by the reduction of CB1954 by a nitroreductase changes over time and that this change in ratio relates directly to the kinetics of the reaction. Thus, the hydroxylamine ratio measured using HPLC at a given time point was not a true indication of the preference of the nitroreductase enzymes during catalysis. These results question how nitroreductases are evaluated in terms of the hydroxylamine ratio and it is suspected that this phenomenon may also apply to other enzyme/prodrug combinations

Four-color single-molecule fluorescence with noncovalent dye labeling to monitor dynamic multimolecular complexes

To allow studies of conformational changes within multi-molecular complexes, we present a simultaneous, 4-color single molecule fluorescence methodology implemented with total internal reflection illumination and camera based, wide-field detection. We further demonstrate labeling histidine-tagged proteins non-covalently with tris-Nitrilotriacetic acid (tris-NTA) conjugated dyes to achieve single molecule detection. We combine these methods to co-localize the mismatch repair protein MutSα on DNA while monitoring MutSα-induced DNA bending using Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and to monitor assembly of membrane-tethered SNARE protein complexes

Desenvolvimento econômico, preferência pela liquidez e acesso bancário: um estudo de caso [Economic development, liquidity preference and access to bank services: a case study].

The aim of this paper is to study the access to bank services and the public liquidity preference in Minas Gerais. The theoretical approach will be post-keynesian, which suggests that in peripherical regions the liquidity preference would be higher, due to the uncertainty. This situation leads to fewer bank branches, less information within the peripheral region and lower willingness in lending by the bank system. In this way, regions with higher liquidity preferences and lower access to bank services are supposed to show credit problems, what make their development more difficult.economic development; financial system; post-Keynesian