Frivolity and Fainting in LOVE AND FREINDSHIP and The Mystery : Reinterpreting Nonsense in Jane Austen\u27s Juvenilia

Jane Austen’s juvenilia has recently enjoyed much attention, with scholars paying particular notice to language and the seeming nonsense of Austen’s unconventional early texts. The finished epistolary novella Love and Freindship and the playlet “The Mystery: An Unfinished Comedy” are two works of the juvenilia written between 1787-1790 that engage in this play with language and nonsense. Love and Freindship, as a parody of the sentimental novel, is full of linguistic and bodily excesses. The heroines not only use effusive language to convert characters from sense to sensibility, but they also repeatedly faint. On the other hand, “The Mystery,” as an “unfinished” work, is defined by its lack. It is characterized by its verbal and physical absences, by its suggestions in the ellipses, hints in its sparse dialogue, and whispering characters. In my essay, I synthesize, extend, and juxtapose these examples of nonsense as excess and absence. Already as an adolescent, Austen was critically aware of the conventions of genre, but she was also critical of the conventions that pervaded the long eighteenth century, such as those surrounding communication, marriage, and wealth. She empties out these conventions by challenging the boundary between sense and nonsense. Following how nonsense as excess, silliness, or absurdity—as frivolity—is created and to what end demonstrates the texts’ critique of the conventions. Analyzing the literal ramifications of nonsense as a lack of the senses—linguistic absence and fainting—reveals the difficulty of using language to make meaning. I argue Austen’s novella and playlet blur the boundary between sense and nonsense to point to the emptiness of restrictive conventions and to reveal the limits of our ability to make sense of reality through language. Reveling in the nonsense of Austen’s juvenilia helps us appreciate her entire body of work and her genius as an author

Lithic Technological Organization at the Aztalan Site (47-je-0001)

Chipped stone artifacts represent just one aspect of a complex framework of behavioral adaptations to social and environmental forces, each requiring significant investments of both time and energy. This project consists of a complete lithic analysis of all chipped stone materials recovered by University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee field schools during 1984, 2011, and 2013 from the Aztalan site (47JE01), located in Southeastern Wisconsin. This assemblage includes 1,202 pieces of lithic debitage and 200 chipped stone tools. Through employing individual flake analysis of all debitage, this thesis has produced a large database of information that can provide valuable insight into the technological choices made by the people who lived at Aztalan. While Aztalan is a multi-component site, radiocarbon dating has placed the major prehistoric occupation of the Aztalan site between A.D. 1000-1200 (Richards and Jeske 2002) therefore, this thesis focuses on the overlapping Late Woodland and Middle-Mississippian components. The major goal of this thesis is to characterize the chipped stone artifacts from Aztalan through an assemblage-based approach, with the intention of answering questions relating to the lithic economy at the site. The UWM lithic assemblage suggests that lithic technological organization at Aztalan changed over time. Statistical analysis of the data from this project shows that with increased Middle Mississippian interaction came increased access to non-local raw materials. Not only was there an increase in access to non-local raw materials, but raw materials were also heat treated significantly less over time. Additionally, the results of this project suggest that the Late Woodland occupation at Aztalan may have already had access to a wider variety of raw materials than other Late Woodland groups in southeastern Wisconsin

Lithic Technological Organization at the Aztalan Site (47-je-0001)

Chipped stone artifacts represent just one aspect of a complex framework of behavioral adaptations to social and environmental forces, each requiring significant investments of both time and energy. This project consists of a complete lithic analysis of all chipped stone materials recovered by University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee field schools during 1984, 2011, and 2013 from the Aztalan site (47JE01), located in Southeastern Wisconsin. This assemblage includes 1,202 pieces of lithic debitage and 200 chipped stone tools. Through employing individual flake analysis of all debitage, this thesis has produced a large database of information that can provide valuable insight into the technological choices made by the people who lived at Aztalan. While Aztalan is a multi-component site, radiocarbon dating has placed the major prehistoric occupation of the Aztalan site between A.D. 1000-1200 (Richards and Jeske 2002) therefore, this thesis focuses on the overlapping Late Woodland and Middle-Mississippian components. The major goal of this thesis is to characterize the chipped stone artifacts from Aztalan through an assemblage-based approach, with the intention of answering questions relating to the lithic economy at the site. The UWM lithic assemblage suggests that lithic technological organization at Aztalan changed over time. Statistical analysis of the data from this project shows that with increased Middle Mississippian interaction came increased access to non-local raw materials. Not only was there an increase in access to non-local raw materials, but raw materials were also heat treated significantly less over time. Additionally, the results of this project suggest that the Late Woodland occupation at Aztalan may have already had access to a wider variety of raw materials than other Late Woodland groups in southeastern Wisconsin

Lithic Technological Organization at the Aztalan Site (47-je-0001)

Chipped stone artifacts represent just one aspect of a complex framework of behavioral adaptations to social and environmental forces, each requiring significant investments of both time and energy. This project consists of a complete lithic analysis of all chipped stone materials recovered by University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee field schools during 1984, 2011, and 2013 from the Aztalan site (47JE01), located in Southeastern Wisconsin. This assemblage includes 1,202 pieces of lithic debitage and 200 chipped stone tools. Through employing individual flake analysis of all debitage, this thesis has produced a large database of information that can provide valuable insight into the technological choices made by the people who lived at Aztalan. While Aztalan is a multi-component site, radiocarbon dating has placed the major prehistoric occupation of the Aztalan site between A.D. 1000-1200 (Richards and Jeske 2002) therefore, this thesis focuses on the overlapping Late Woodland and Middle-Mississippian components. The major goal of this thesis is to characterize the chipped stone artifacts from Aztalan through an assemblage-based approach, with the intention of answering questions relating to the lithic economy at the site. The UWM lithic assemblage suggests that lithic technological organization at Aztalan changed over time. Statistical analysis of the data from this project shows that with increased Middle Mississippian interaction came increased access to non-local raw materials. Not only was there an increase in access to non-local raw materials, but raw materials were also heat treated significantly less over time. Additionally, the results of this project suggest that the Late Woodland occupation at Aztalan may have already had access to a wider variety of raw materials than other Late Woodland groups in southeastern Wisconsin

Understanding the Intersections between Metabolism and Cancer Biology

Transformed cells adapt metabolism to support tumor initiation and progression. Specific metabolic activities can participate directly in the process of transformation or support the biological processes that enable tumor growth. Exploiting cancer metabolism for clinical benefit requires defining the pathways that are limiting for cancer progression and understanding the context specificity of metabolic preferences and liabilities in malignant cells. Progress toward answering these questions is providing new insight into cancer biology and can guide the more effective targeting of metabolism to help patients.National Cancer Institute (U.S.) (CA168653)National Cancer Institute (U.S.) (CA201276)Lustgarten FoundationHoward Hughes Medical Institute (Faculty Scholars Award

ATP Consumption Promotes Cancer Metabolism

Cancer cells metabolize glucose by aerobic glycolysis, a phenomenon known as the Warburg effect. Fang et al. (2010) show that the endoplasmic reticulum enzyme ENTPD5 promotes ATP consumption and favors aerobic glycolysis. The findings suggest that nutrient uptake in cancer cells is limited by ATP and satisfies energy requirements other than ATP production

Microenvironmental regulation of cancer cell metabolism: implications for experimental design and translational studies

Cancers have an altered metabolism, and there is interest in understanding precisely how oncogenic transformation alters cellular metabolism and how these metabolic alterations can translate into therapeutic opportunities. Researchers are developing increasingly powerful experimental techniques to study cellular metabolism, and these techniques have allowed for the analysis of cancer cell metabolism, both in tumors and in ex vivo cancer models. These analyses show that, while factors intrinsic to cancer cells such as oncogenic mutations, alter cellular metabolism, cell-extrinsic microenvironmental factors also substantially contribute to the metabolic phenotype of cancer cells. These findings highlight that microenvironmental factors within the tumor, such as nutrient availability, physical properties of the extracellular matrix, and interactions with stromal cells, can influence the metabolic phenotype of cancer cells and might ultimately dictate the response to metabolically targeted therapies. In an effort to better understand and target cancer metabolism, this Review focuses on the experimental evidence that microenvironmental factors regulate tumor metabolism, and on the implications of these findings for choosing appropriate model systems and experimental approaches. Keywords\: Cancer, Cancer models, Metabolism, Microenvironment, Nutrient availability, Nutrient sensingNational Institutes of Health (U.S.) (R01CA168653)National Cancer Institute (U.S.) (F32CA213810)National Cancer Institute (U.S.) (F32CA210421)Howard Hughes Medical InstituteLudwig Institute for Cancer ResearchStand Up To Cancer (SU2C-AACR-IRG 09-16)Lustgarten FoundationMIT Center for Precision Cancer Medicin

Biochemical Underpinnings of Immune Cell Metabolic Phenotypes

The metabolism of immune cells affects their function and influences host immunity. This review explores how immune cell metabolic phenotypes reflect biochemical dependencies and highlights evidence that both the metabolic state of immune cells and nutrient availability can alter immune responses. The central importance of oxygen, energetics, and redox homeostasis in immune cell metabolism, and how these factors are reflected in different metabolic phenotypes, is also discussed. Linking immune cell metabolic phenotype to effector functions is important to understand how altering metabolism can impact the way in which immune cells meet their metabolic demands and affect the immune response in various disease contexts.National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant R01CA168653)National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant R01CA201276