Parenting, temperament, and attachment security as antecedents of political orientation: Longitudinal evidence from early childhood to age 26.

This article examines early childhood antecedents of adults' political orientation. Using longitudinal data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development, we investigate associations between parenting beliefs and behaviors, child temperament, and attachment security during early childhood in relation to adult political ideology and party affiliation at age 26 years (N = 1,364). Young children's fearful temperament and anxious attachment security, as well as mothers' authoritarian parenting beliefs in early childhood, predicted conservative political orientations at age 26. Children's abilities to focus attention and avoidant attachment security predicted liberal orientations. These findings provide evidence that multiple aspects of early developmental experience-temperament, parenting, and infant-mother attachment-are associated with later political orientations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)

What Moves Retail Property Returns at the Metropolitan Level?

In this article the determinants of metropolitan-level appraisal-based retail property returns are examined by estimating a six-equation model of retail construction starts, retail sales, stock-market returns, commercial mortgage rates, inflation, and the logarithm of stock-market volatility. Residuals from these equations are then used to explain actual movements in retail real estate returns. Our empirical procedure looks at both unadjusted and unsmoothed appraisal-based retail real estate returns. The general finding is that unsmoothed appraisal-based retail real estate returns lag significantly behind market conditions. Furthermore, the results suggest that very little of the variation in metropolitan-level appraisal-based retail real estate returns can be explained by macroeconomic news events

Additive and synergistic relations of early mother-child and caregiver-child interactions for predicting later achievement.

This study examines associations between stimulating-responsive social interactions with mothers and nonparental childcare providers during the first 3 years of life and children's vocabulary and mathematics skills through age 15 (N = 1,364). Additive relations were found in which more stimulating-responsive interactions with mothers and with caregivers were linked to higher mathematics achievement in childhood and adolescence. More stimulating-responsive early interactions with mothers were also associated with larger child vocabularies through age 15. Synergistic relations, consistent with the dual-risk hypothesis, also were found. Children whose early interactions with both mothers and caregivers were low in stimulation and responsivity had substantially lower mathematics skills. Implications for early childhood interventions and policies are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)

Synthesis, copolymerization and characterization of novel n-substituted phenyl maleimides

Six target N-substituted maleimides were synthesized using a modified synthetic procedure. The six target maleimides synthesized and their yields were N-phenyl maleimide (40.8%), p- Chloro maleimide (33.3 %), m-Nitro maleimide (59 %), p-Methoxy maleimide (11.5 %), p-Nitro maleimide (53.9 %), and the Fast Garnet Azo Dye maleimide (2.2%). Of these six maleimides the m- Nitro and Fast Garnet derivatives are novel compounds. Three of the maleimides were copolymerized with styrene to show that these N-substituted maleimides can be incorporated into a polymer backbone. The three maleimides polymerized with styrene were the p-Chloro, m-Nitro, and Fast Garnet derivatives. Percent incorporation of maleimides into the subsequent copolymers was calculated to be 34%, 33%, and 23% respectively. Computer aided modeling through the program Computer Aided Chemistry (CaChe) was also conducted. Dihedral rotational energy plots and optimized geometric conformation data was compiled and reported as unpublished results. This data was offered as a foundation for future work with this reaction system

The Dialectics of Parenting: Changes in the Interplay of Maternal Behaviors during Early and Middle Childhood

Parent and child relationships continuously evolve, part of an ongoing dialectic that derives from developmental changes in both parent and child. The focus of this study is on changes in the strength of association among four types of parenting behaviors considered important for children’s development: supportive presence, respect for autonomy, stimulation, and hostility. Mother–child interaction was observed for 1229 parent–child dyads at 36 months, 54 months, 1st grade, 3rd grade, and 5th grade using similar observational paradigms. The association between respect for autonomy and supportive presence was strong at age three and continued to be strong over time. The association between respect for autonomy and stimulation was modest but also showed little change from age three to 5th grade. Respect for autonomy was negatively associated with maternal hostility, but the relation was complex. It was stronger at 54 months than 36 months but then became weaker through time. Supportive presence showed a moderate relation with stimulation at age 3 but the association became weaker over time. Supportive presence showed an expected negative association with hostility, a relation that changed little over time. The relation between hostility and stimulation also became weaker over time. In effect, there appears to be a shifting pattern of relations between maternal behaviors during early and middle childhood, one that reflects an evolving dialectic in the mother–child relationship

General Studies in Mass Spectrometry. Part A: Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI) Analysis of Oligonucleotides. Part B: Electrospray Ionization (ESI) Studies of Metalloporphyrins.

The application of mass spectrometry for the analysis of biomolecules and metalloporphyrins is the aim of the work presented within this document. Part A of this document addresses the use of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-MS) for the analysis of oligonucleotides. The goal of Part A is to develop a better understanding of the matrix/analyte relationship in the condensed phase required for MALDI analysis of oligonucleotides. Part A also focuses on the employment of novel co-matrices to help improve oligonucleotide mass resolution and ion abundance. The objectives for Part B was to study the use of Electrospray Ionization (ESI) for the analysis of metalloporphyrins. The first half of Part B focuses on the characteristic behavior observed for each of the model porphyrin systems used in this study. The second half of Part B presents the data collected from the positive ion ESI-MS analysis of homogeneous and heterogeneous porphyrin solutions. The ion abundance of each of the porphyrins present in these solutions was monitored as a function of the ESI flow rate, porphyrin concentration, ESI needle voltage, and solvent polarity. These systematic investigations revealed the influence of these parameters on the ion abundance of one porphyrin relative to another porphyrin in a heterogeneous solution. Furthermore, certain experimental conditions have been observed to separately optimize the detection of each of the components of such mixtures

Commercial Mortgage Prepayments Under Heterogeneous Prepayment Penalty Structures

Much of the literature on pricing commercial mortgages and commercial mortgage-backed securities has assumed homogeneity in prepayment penalty structure. In this paper, we provide evidence that such an assumption is inappropriate and examine the effect of penalty structures observed in actual contracts. After conducting preliminary simulations, we present hazard models estimated from data on 1,165 multifamily mortgage loans to show how empirical prepayment rates vary with alternative penalty structures. While yield maintenance and lockout provisions are relatively more effective than fixed or step down structures in reducing or postponing prepayment, none completely eliminates the risk. Our empirical results generally confirm the theoretical findings of Kelly and Slawson (2001).

Estimating Property Values by Replication: An Alternative to the Traditional Grid and Regression Methods

This paper proposes and develops a replication method for estimating property values, in which optimal weights of comparable property attributes that best duplicate the subject property are determined. In a setting where the number of comparables is large compared to the number of attributes, replication weakly outperforms traditional general least squares regression by making use of potential correlations in the error structure. A similar result obtains in comparison to the grid method, which may suffer from subjective price adjustment factors. The replication method suggests using a large sample regression analysis to obtain the functional form of the error variance-covariance, and then replicating the subject with a smaller, attribute-close set of comparable properties.

How Tax Credits Have Affected the Rehabilitation of the Boston Office Market

This paper is concerned with the extent to which rehabilitation tax credits affect the conditional probability of commercial real estate rehabilitation. Very little has been written about the rehabilitation tax credit, despite the fact that it has been a feature of the U.S. tax code since 1978. Our analysis suggests that rehabilitation tax credits have been a significant determinant of the conditional probability of rehabilitation in the Boston office market. We also find that a significant portion of rehabilitation tax-credit investment is investment that would have been invested elsewhere, about 60 to 65 percent in certain periods, but rising to as high as 90 percent in other periods. We find that the rehabilitation tax credit has a significant and substantial influence on the conditional probability of rehabilitation. We also find that the greatest amount of slippage, not too surprisingly, generally occurs when the tax credit is low and when the gain from rehabilitation before the tax credit is high.