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Not AvailableA study on biochemical factors involved in black pepper defense response against Phytophthora capsici, was carried out in P. capsici susceptible (Sreekara) and resistant (04-P24, shows root resistance to the pathogen) black pepper lines. Seven important factors e change in membrane conductance, total phenols, orthodihydroxy (OD) phenols, lignin and defense related enzymes (peroxidase, b-1,3 glucanase and b-1,4 glucanase) e were studied under uninoculated and pathogen (P. capsici, isolate 06-04) inoculated condition to know the preformed and induced responses. The pathogen was inoculated (soil inoculation) and plants were observed for changes, at 24 h intervals for 10 days. On 8th day after inoculation symptoms started appearing on Sreekara and increased the severity till 10th day. Both root and stem samples were subjected for biochemical analysis. Of the factors analyzed, it was found that membrane conductance, OD phenol, lignin and peroxidase activity play significant role in root resistance to P. capsici in 04-P24. Light microscopy of the portion of root e where pathogen found attached e was also done.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe structural defense response of a black pepper line (04-P24) showing root resistance to Phytophthora capsici was studied in comparison with a highly susceptible line (Sreekara). Role of cell wall reinforcement and cell membrane integrity was analyzed. Cell membrane integrity was studied under hydroponic system in terms of leakage of electrolytes caused by the cell membrane damage due to pathogen entry. Root cell membrane rupture and resultant phenolic leakage were clearly visible in the form of color change of the liquid phase during the course of infection. Root leachates of Sreekara turned highly dark due to the increased level of phenol leakage which was proportional to the cell membrane damage. The root leachate was analyzed for change in conductivity, total phenols and ortho-dihydroxy (OD) phenols. Cell wall reinforcement of the vascular tissues of black pepper root upon pathogen inoculation was analyzed histochemically. Toluidine blue O and Maule staining differentiated the intensity of lignin deposition in the root cells of both lines and it was comparatively stronger in the resistant line. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that hyphae of P. capsici are not penetrating the root of 04-P24 supporting the finding that roots of this line don’t support Phytophthora infection.Not Availabl

Study of fusion in

Excitation functions are measured for complete fusion and transfer reactions of 6Li and 7Li with 197Au at energies around the Coulomb barrier. Coupled channel calculations including the couplings to both target and projectile excited states have been performed and are found to explain the data at energies below the barrier. At above barrier energies the complete fusion cross sections are found to be suppressed compared to the coupled channel calculations for both the systems. A systematic comparison of fusion cross-section for halo nuclei 6,8He and weakly bound stable nuclei 6,7Li on 197Au target is also presented. Large neutron transfer cross-sections are observed for 6,7Li as compared to tightly bound projectiles 12C,16O

Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of parents/caregivers towards epilepsy in children – A cross- sectional observational study

Objectives: The study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of parents/caregivers toward epilepsy in paediatric patients at a tertiary care centre of North India. Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out among 418 parents or caregivers using convenience sampling technique with 16-item questionnaire in English language and also translated to local language that is Hindi. Children with epilepsy who visited the paediatric outpatient department within a year were included in the study (January 2021–22). A total of 450 children visited the clinic, 32 of whom were excluded for various reasons, and the final analysis was conducted among the 418 parents or caregivers who completed the questionnaire. Results: The male and female patients were 56.7% (n = 237) and 43.3% (n = 181) respectively. The age distribution of patients with less than 5 years, 6–10 years and more than 10 years were 35.6% (n = 149), 54.5% (n = 228), 9.8% (n = 41) respectively. Only one third of parents and caregivers did not consider epilepsy as psychiatric illness. Most of the parents and caregivers think that epilepsy affects school performance (77.2%) and hinders family life (71.0%). More than half of the parents or caregivers believes that the society discriminates against person with epilepsy and around 46.6% consider that alternative medicine can cure epilepsy. The parents or caregivers felt financial burden due to epilepsy was in 72.5% and approximately 78.5% perceived that their work is affected because of their child's epilepsy. Perception of epilepsy as a psychiatric illness was found to be significantly higher in parents with primary and secondary level education, when compared to parents who were graduates. The practice of the parents or caregivers towards administration of drugs to their child was good, however around 36.6% (n = 153) missed the dose of anti-seizure medications. Conclusion: The study highlights the substantial knowledge, attitude and practice gap amongst parents and caregivers for children with epilepsy which indirectly has huge impact on the management of epilepsy. Thus it becomes utmost important to educate the family as well as the community regarding epilepsy which will help in improving the therapeutic outcomes, overall quality of life and interpersonal and social relationships of these children