Unemployed men and women without income? The impact of Austro-fascist regime’s labour market policies on the gendered normalisation of unemployment.

This article examines the impact of the Austro-fascist unemployment and labour market policies on the gendered normalization of unemployment. Analysing the regime’s legislation concerning unemployment benefits and the practice of labour offices regarding the possible placement of women seeking work, as well as different practices used by women and men to sustain themselves when out of work, the author asks when and under what conditions women could claim unemployment status. The article seeks to illuminate how the way labour market regulations operated to limit the extent of women’s formal employment and consequently unemployment, and how these restrictions reinforced and stabilized inequalities between women and men.This article examines the impact of the Austro-fascist unemployment and labour market policies on the gendered normalization of unemployment. Analysing the regime’s legislation concerning unemployment benefits and the practice of labour offices regarding the possible placement of women seeking work, as well as different practices used by women and men to sustain themselves when out of work, the author asks when and under what conditions women could claim unemployment status. The article seeks to illuminate how the way labour market regulations operated to limit the extent of women’s formal employment and consequently unemployment, and how these restrictions reinforced and stabilized inequalities between women and men

Use of the WHO Access, Watch, and Reserve classification to define patterns of hospital antibiotic use (AWaRe) : an analysis of paediatric survey data from 56 countries

Background Improving the quality of hospital antibiotic use is a major goal of WHO's global action plan to combat antimicrobial resistance. The WHO Essential Medicines List Access, Watch, and Reserve (AWaRe) classification could facilitate simple stewardship interventions that are widely applicable globally. We aimed to present data on patterns of paediatric AWaRe antibiotic use that could be used for local and national stewardship interventions. Methods 1-day point prevalence survey antibiotic prescription data were combined from two independent global networks: the Global Antimicrobial Resistance, Prescribing, and Efficacy in Neonates and Children and the Global Point Prevalence Survey on Antimicrobial Consumption and Resistance networks. We included hospital inpatients aged younger than 19 years receiving at least one antibiotic on the day of the survey. The WHO AWaRe classification was used to describe overall antibiotic use as assessed by the variation between use of Access, Watch, and Reserve antibiotics, for neonates and children and for the commonest clinical indications. Findings Of the 23 572 patients included from 56 countries, 18305 were children (77.7%) and 5267 were neonates (22.3%). Access antibiotic use in children ranged from 7.8% (China) to 61.2% (Slovenia) of all antibiotic prescriptions. The use of Watch antibiotics in children was highest in Iran (77.3%) and lowest in Finland (23.0%). In neonates, Access antibiotic use was highest in Singapore (100.0%) and lowest in China (24.2%). Reserve antibiotic use was low in all countries. Major differences in clinical syndrome-specific patterns of AWaRe antibiotic use in lower respiratory tract infection and neonatal sepsis were observed between WHO regions and countries. Interpretation There is substantial global variation in the proportion of AWaRe antibiotics used in hospitalised neonates and children. The AWaRe classification could potentially be used as a simple traffic light metric of appropriate antibiotic use. Future efforts should focus on developing and evaluating paediatric antibiotic stewardship programmes on the basis of the AWaRe index. Copyright (C) 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd