987 research outputs found
OvÀder vid horisonten - UpphovsrÀttsliga problem avseende molnbaserade datatjÀnster
Den digitala teknikens utveckling har sedan lÄngt tillbaka inneburit ett hot mot upphovsrÀtten. Under de senaste Ären har Cloud Computing, eller molnbaserade datatjÀnster, framstÄtt som ett allt intressantare forsknings- och tillÀmpningsomrÄde inom teknikbranschen. Cloud Computing utgör en teknisk infrastruktur dÀr anvÀndaren har tillgÄng till data som Àr belÀgen utanför den egna plattformen och kÀnnetecknande för molnbaserade datatjÀnster Àr att de levereras i form av en tjÀnst över ett nÀtverk, vanligtvis Internet. Denna utveckling har medfört vissa oklarheter vid upphovsrÀttslig intrÄngsbedömning, framförallt vad gÀller exemplarframstÀllning. I samband med The Pirate Bay-mÄlet uppmÀrksammades Àven frÄgan om mellanhÀnders ansvar för upphovsrÀttsliga intrÄng i digital miljö. Uppsatsen Àmnar redogöra för den reglering som Àr relevant vid en bedömning av exemplarframstÀllning i molnmiljö och mellanhÀnders ansvar vad gÀller frÀmjande till sÄdant intrÄng, men ocksÄ belysa huruvida den nuvarande upphovsrÀttsliga lagstiftningen Àr vÀl anpassad till teknikbranschens utveckling. En av slutsatserna som kan dras utifrÄn uppsatsen Àr att det inom EU finns ett starkt intresse för att frÀmja utvecklingen av molnbaserade datatjÀnster, men ocksÄ att harmonisera upphovsrÀtten i sin helhet. Genom en rad direktiv, som har implanterats i den svenska lagstiftningen, har man försökt att uppnÄ dessa mÄl. I frÄgan om exemplarframstÀllning sÄ kan konstateras att det Àr tvÄ inskrÀnkningar i upphovsmannens ensamrÀtt som Àr relevanta i molnmiljö: tillfÀllig exemplarframstÀllning och exemplarframstÀllning för privat bruk. Den förra inskrÀnkningen Àr en av de tekniskt mest avancerade bestÀmmelserna i upphovsrÀttslagstiftningen och bestÀmmelsens breda formulering medför vissa tolkningsfrÄgor. I den praxis som finns att tillgÄ tolkas bestÀmmelsen restriktivt, men trots detta möjliggör denna inskrÀnkning att molntjÀnster kan anvÀndas i stor utstrÀckning. InskrÀnkningen om exemplarframstÀllning för privat bruk Àr i mÄnga avseenden tydligare, men Àr Ä andra sidan inte helt vÀlanpassad till exemplarframstÀllning i digital miljö. Vad gÀller mellanhÀnders ansvar sÄ Àr en av slutsatserna frÄn uppsatsen att deras ansvar generellt sett Àr lÄngtgÄende. Denna slutsats kan dras inte minst utifrÄn TPB-mÄlet, som behandlar frÄgan om frÀmjande till upphovsrÀttsintrÄng i digital miljö. Med anledning av att de enskilda intrÄngsgörarna ofta Àr svÄra eller omöjliga att identifiera och inte sÀllan Àr flera till antalet i denna typ av miljö, sÄ blir frÄgan om mellanhÀnders ansvar för intrÄng central
RASSF4: Regulator of plasma membrane PI(4,5)P2.
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) is a negatively charged phospholipid that plays a major role in recruiting and regulating proteins at the plasma membrane-cytosol interface. In this issue, Chen et al. (2017. J. Cell Biol. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201606047) demonstrate that RAS association domain family 4 (RASSF4) positively influences PI(4,5)P2 synthesis through ARF6-dependent regulation of PIP5K
Ăr digital valuta det nya guldet?
Valutakursrisk har historiskt hanterats med negativt korrelerad eller okorrelerade instrument för att minska den totala risken i en portfölj. Som ett resultat av en integrerad vÀrld har sÄdana instrument blivit allt mer sÀllsynta. RÄvaror sÄsom guld har pÄvisat ett negativt samband och mycket av den bakomliggande teorin i uppsatsen Àr dÀrför starkt relaterad till guldet. Digitala valutor Àr ett nyuppkommet fenomen och ett mycket begrÀnsat omrÄde inom finansiell forskning. Dessa delas vanligtvis in i olika kategorier, dÀribland kryptovalutor, till vilken valuta Bitcoin hör. DÄ kryptovalutornas tekniska konstruktion och marknad liknar varandra Àr Bitcoin representativ för de nyare digitala valutor som har fÄtt allt större utrymme i politiska och mediala sammanhang under senare Är. Det finns uttalade liknelser mellan kryptovalutornas framstÀllningsprocess och guldets utvinningsprocess, men Àven andra likheter. Bitcoin har trots sin korta existens relativt guldet pÄvisat ett negativt samband med vÀxelkurser uttryckta i dollar och kan dÀrmed sÀgas vara en fungerande hedge mot valutakursrisk i dollarn, Àven om uthÄlligheten i detta samband kan ifrÄgasÀttas. Valutan Àr extremt volatil och har Ànnu inte nÄtt stabilitet, vilket kan förklaras av bland annat svÀvande legal status och avsaknaden av institutionell anknytning. Kryptovalutorna har blivit föremÄl för kraftig spekulation och dÀrmed har valutornas vÀrdebevarande funktion komprimerats. Ur detta perspektiv Àr de nya digitala valutorna att betrakta som tillgÄng snarare Àn valuta.Exchange rate risk has historically been dealt with through negatively correlated or uncorrelated instruments in order to reduce the overall risk in a portfolio. As a result of an integrated world, such instruments have become increasingly rare. Commodities such as gold have demonstrated a negative relationship, therefore much of the underlying theory in this thesis is strongly related to gold. Digital currencies are a new phenomenon and a very limited area within financial research. These currencies are usually divided into different categories, with cryptocurrencies being one of them, to which the currency Bitcoin belongs. Since the technical construction and market of cryptocurrencies are similar to one another, Bitcoin is considered to be representative of these newer digital currencies, which have frequently appeared in political contexts and media as of late. There is an evident likeness between the process of cryptocurrency creation and gold extraction, amongst other similiarities between these two. The Bitcoin has, in spite of is short existence relative to gold, demonstrated a negative relationship with exchange rates expressed in dollars, and can through this be said to be an effective hedge against the dollar, although the dependability of this relationship is questionable. The currency is extremely volatile and has not yet reached stability, which can partly be explained by its floating legal status and the lack of institutional connection. Cryptocurrencies have been subjected to much speculation and thus the value conservative feature of these currencies has been reduced. From this perspective, new digital currencies should be regarded as assets rather than currencies
The mouse genetics toolkit: revealing function and mechanism
Large-scale projects are providing rapid global access to a wealth of mouse genetic resources to help discover disease genes and to manipulate their function
Agreement of Air Bike and Treadmill Protocols To Assess Maximal Oxygen Uptake: An Exploratory Study
International Journal of Exercise Science 17(4): 633-647, 2024. Maximal oxygen consumption (VÌO2max) is an important measure of aerobic fitness, with applications in evaluating fitness, designing training programs, and assessing overall health. While treadmill assessments are considered the gold standard, airbikes (ABs) are increasingly popular exercise machines. However, limited research exists on AB-based VÌO2max assessments, particularly regarding agreement with treadmill graded exercise tests. To address this gap, a randomized crossover study was conducted, involving 15 healthy adults (9M, 6F, 7 familiar with AB) aged 30.1 ± 8.6 years. Paired t-tests, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), Bland-Altman and Principal component (PC) analyses were used to assess agreement between protocols. The results demonstrated good to excellent agreement in VÌO2max, maximum heart rate (HR), and rating of perceived exertion (ICC range: 0.89-0.92). However, significant differences were observed in several measures, including VÌO2max and maximum HR (p \u3c 0.01). Overall a systematic bias 3.31 mL/kg/min (treadmill \u3e AB, 95%CI[1.67,4.94]) was observed, no proportional bias was present; however, regular AB users (systematic bias: 1.27 (95%CI[0.20,2.34]) mL/kg/min) exhibited higher agreement in VÌO2max measures compared to non-regular users (systematic bias: 5.09 (95%CI[3.69,6.49]) mL/kg/min). There were no significant differences in cardiorespiratory coordination, between the AB and the treadmill. These findings suggest that for individuals familiar with the AB, it can be a suitable alternative for assessing VÌO2max compared to the treadmill. Future research with larger samples should focus on developing prediction equations for field AB tests to predict VÌO2max. Practitioners should consider using the AB to assess VÌO2max in individuals who prefer it over running
Widespread metastasis of a spermatocytic seminoma with concomitant hepatic peliosis in a Southern African hedgehog (Atelerixfrontalis)
A six-year-old intact male Southern African hedgehog (Atelerix frontalis) presented with a history of chronic mild to moderate
weight loss, and sub-acute hind limb ataxia that progressed to complete paralysis, at which point the hedgehog was euthanised.
At autopsy, a large multinodular pale mass had completely replaced the left testicle and transcoelomically metastasised to the
diaphragm and the peri-renal area, from where it then invaded the vertebral column and spinal cord. Multifocal, irregular to round,
well-demarcated, blood-filled, proliferative lesions were also present in the hepatic parenchyma. Histological analysis of both the
testis and metastatic lesions revealed diffuse sheets of neoplastic cells with moderate pale cytoplasm, large irregular to round
nuclei and mostly one prominent magenta nucleolus, consistent with metastatic seminoma. The neoplastic cells were negative for
periodic acidâSchiff (PAS) stain and positive for CD117 by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Taken together with the morphology of
the neoplastic cells and the advanced age of the animal, this is suggestive of a spermatocytic seminoma. Histological analysis of
the liver revealed multifocal lesions consisting of large anastomosing blood-filled spaces bordered by compressed hepatocytes,
consistent with hepatic peliosis. This is the first report of a neoplasm in the Southern African hedgehog (Atelerix frontalis), the
first report of a metastatic seminoma in a hedgehog, together with diagnosis of spermatocytic subtype, and the first report of a
hedgehog with concomitant hepatic peliosis.The Wellcome Trust.http://www.jsava.co.zaam2023Centre for Veterinary Wildlife StudiesParaclinical SciencesProduction Animal Studie
Ectodomains of the LDL receptor-related proteins LRP1b and LRP4 have anchorage independent functions in vivo.
BACKGROUND: The low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor gene family is a highly conserved group of membrane receptors with diverse functions in developmental processes, lipoprotein trafficking, and cell signaling. The low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related protein 1b (LRP1B) was reported to be deleted in several types of human malignancies, including non-small cell lung cancer. Our group has previously reported that a distal extracellular truncation of murine Lrp1b that is predicted to secrete the entire intact extracellular domain (ECD) is fully viable with no apparent phenotype. METHODS AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Here, we have used a gene targeting approach to create two mouse lines carrying internally rearranged exons of Lrp1b that are predicted to truncate the protein closer to the N-terminus and to prevent normal trafficking through the secretary pathway. Both mutations result in early embryonic lethality, but, as expected from the restricted expression pattern of LRP1b in vivo, loss of Lrp1b does not cause cellular lethality as homozygous Lrp1b-deficient blastocysts can be propagated normally in culture. This is similar to findings for another LDL receptor family member, Lrp4. We provide in vitro evidence that Lrp4 undergoes regulated intramembraneous processing through metalloproteases and gamma-secretase cleavage. We further demonstrate negative regulation of the Wnt signaling pathway by the soluble extracellular domain. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE: Our results underline a crucial role for Lrp1b in development. The expression in mice of truncated alleles of Lrp1b and Lrp4 with deletions of the transmembrane and intracellular domains leads to release of the extracellular domain into the extracellular space, which is sufficient to confer viability. In contrast, null mutations are embryonically (Lrp1b) or perinatally (Lrp4) lethal. These findings suggest that the extracellular domains of both proteins may function as a scavenger for signaling ligands or signal modulators in the extracellular space, thereby preserving signaling thresholds that are critical for embryonic development, as well as for the clear, but poorly understood role of LRP1b in cancer
ZNF265âa novel spliceosomal protein able to induce alternative splicing
The formation of the active spliceosome, its recruitment to active areas of transcription, and its role in pre-mRNA splicing depends on the association of a number of multifunctional serine/arginine-rich (SR) proteins. ZNF265 is an arginine/serine-rich (RS) domain containing zinc finger protein with conserved pre-mRNA splicing protein motifs. Here we show that ZNF265 immunoprecipitates from splicing extracts in association with mRNA, and that it is able to alter splicing patterns of Tra2-ÎČ1 transcripts in a dose-dependent manner in HEK 293 cells. Yeast two-hybrid analysis and immunoprecipitation indicated interaction of ZNF265 with the essential splicing factor proteins U1-70K and U2AF35. Confocal microscopy demonstrated colocalization of ZNF265 with the motor neuron gene product SMN, the snRNP protein U1-70K, the SR protein SC35, and with the transcriptosomal components p300 and YY1. Transfection of HT-1080 cells with ZNF265âEGFP fusion constructs showed that nuclear localization of ZNF265 required the RS domain. Alignment with other RS domainâcontaining proteins revealed a high degree of SR dipeptide conservation. These data show that ZNF265 functions as a novel component of the mRNA processing machinery
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