The elusive quest for additionality

Development finance institutions (DFIs) annually invest $90 billion to support under-financed projects across the world. Although these government-backed institutions are often asked to show that their investments are “additional” to what private investors would have financed, it is rarely clear what evidence is needed to answer this request. This paper demonstrates, through a series of simulations, that the nature of DFIs’ operations creates systematic biases in how a range of estimators assess additionality. Recognising that rigorous quantitative evidence of additionality may continue to elude us, we discuss the value of qualitative evidence, and propose a probabilistic approach to evaluating additionality

Acute occupational phosphine intoxications : a retrospective study by the Belgian Poison Centre

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An integrated process for planning, delivery, and stewardship of urban nature-based solutions: the Connecting Nature Framework

Mainstreaming nature-based solutions in cities has grown in scale and magnitude in recent times but is still considered to be the main challenge for transitioning our cities and their communities to be more climate resilient and liveable: environmentally, economically, and socially. Furthermore, taking nature-based solutions to the next level, and scaling them out to all urban contexts to achieve a greater impact, is proving to be slow and often conflicts with other transitioning initiatives such as energy generation, mobility and transport initiatives, and infilling to combat sprawl. So, the task is neither easy nor straightforward; there are many barriers to this novel transition, especially when it comes to collaborative approaches to implementing nature-based solutions with diverse urban communities and within city authorities themselves. This paper reports on a new process that is systematically co-produced and captured as a framework for planning nature-based solutions that emerged during the Connecting Nature project. The Connecting Nature Framework is a three-stage, iterative process that involves seven key activity areas for mainstreaming nature-based solutions: technical solutions, governance, financing and business models, nature-based enterprises, co-production, reflexive monitoring, and impact assessment. The tested and applied framework is designed to address and overcome barriers to the implementation of nature-based solutions in cities via a co-created, iterative, and reflective approach. The planning process guided by the proposed framework has already yielded promising results with some of the cities of the project, though further usage and its adoption by other cities is needed to explore its potential in different contexts especially in the Global South. The paper concludes with suggestions on how this may be realised

The elusive quest for additionality

Development finance institutions (DFIs) annually invest $90 billion to support under-financed projects across the world. Although these government-backed institutions are often asked to show that their investments are “additional” to what private investors would have financed, it is rarely clear what evidence is needed to answer this request. This paper demonstrates, through a series of simulations, that the nature of DFIs’ operations creates systematic biases in how a range of estimators assess additionality. Recognizing that rigorous quantitative evidence of additionality may continue to elude us, we discuss the value of qualitative evidence, and propose a probabilistic approach to evaluating additionality

Measuring and explaining government efficiency in developing countries

Governments in developing countries play an important role in the growth process, most notably through their budgetary policies. This potentially beneficial role is, however, hindered by government expenditure inefficiency. This is illustrated in a basic model of public spending and economic growth. Government efficiency is estimated for 52 developing countries using data envelopment analysis and subsequently employed in a general to specific approach in order to identify its determinants. We find government expenditure efficiency is primarily determined by structural country variables and governance indicators. Economic policy determinants apparently count less. The Asian countries and low income European countries in the sample have a significantly higher and lower efficiency, respectively.JEL Codes: H21, H50, O23,

Strategies for mainstreaming nature-based solutions in urban governance capacities in ten European cities

This paper explores the institutional mainstreaming of nature-based solutions (NBS) to advance a process-based understanding about how to strategically develop the governance capacities needed for systemic, localised and inclusive NBS. To this end, it reports how policy officers in ten European cities have started to mainstream NBS by interacting with and changing incumbent governance arrangements when experimenting with novel governance processes and mechanisms to plan, deliver and steward NBS. The analysis identifies three mainstreaming strategies to develop capacities for (a) a systems’ approach to link NBS to policies, regulations, and departments across goals and sectors, (b) inclusive collaborations for localised and inclusive interventions, and (c) reflexivity and learning about how NBS interact with the (institutional, ecological, social, etc.) contexts and create impacts. The strategies illustrate institutional entrepreneurship in interacting with incumbent governance contexts, and how starting from NBS as a type of systemic innovation can promote broader shifts in urban governance arrangements