1,661 research outputs found
Wind induced dispersion and algal growth in shallow lakes
The objectives of this paper are (1) to present experimental measurements of wind induced, vertical dispersion in Lake Brielle, The Netherlands, and (2) to examine the utility of a euphotic—dark zone model for investigation of the effects of dispersion and sedimentation on algal growth and phosphate cycling in shallow lakes. A tracer technique was used to measure dispersion (D) caused by a moderate wind of 4 m/s. The resulting values ranged between 4 and 6 cm2/s and compared well with that predicted from theory. The latter objective was accomplished by comparing the results of a simple, two compartment model with those using a more complex, but more descriptive, finite difference model which accounts for the algal concentration gradient induced by growth, dispersion and sedimentation. Simulations showed good agreement in computation of the average euphotic and dark zone algal concentrations between the two models for D ranging from 0 to 6 cm2/s and for a sedimentation rate constant, Ks, of 0.002 and 0.02 m/h.\ud
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The results of simulations suggest that rapid algal growth occurs most readily in calm weather when wind induced dispersion in negligible. Dispersion may also influence the rate of particulate phosphate accumulation in the sediment (due to the settling out of algal cells) and the soluble phosphate profile in the overlying water column. Field data is needed to verify the relationship between algal growth and wind induced dispersion
Psychological treatment of late-life depression:a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
SUMMARY Background Older meta-analyses of the effects of psychological treatments for depression in older adults have found that these treatments have large effects. However, these earlier meta-analyses also included non-randomized studies, and did not include newer high-quality randomized controlled trials. Methods We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized studies on psychological treatments for depression in older adults. Results Twenty-five studies were included, of which 17 compared a psychological intervention to a control condition (mainly waiting list and care-as-usual control groups). The quality of the included studies varied. Psychological treatments have moderate to large effects on depression in older adults (standardized mean effect size d¼0.72). Heterogeneity was very low. No differences were found between individual, group or bibliotherapy format, or between cognitive behavioral therapy and other types of psychological treatment. The effects were comparable in studies where depression was defined according to diagnostic criteria, and those in which depression was measured with self-rating questionnaires. Conclusion Although the quality of many studies was not optimal, the results of this meta-analysis support the results of earlier meta-analyses, which also included non-randomized studies. Psychological treatments are effective in the treatment of depression in older adults
Are individual and group treatments equally effective in the treatment of depression in adults?
0.01). At follow-up no significant differences were found. Conclusions: Although individual therapy seems to be somewhat more effective than group therapy at the short term, it is not clear whether this is relevant from a clinical point of view. Because of the small number of studies and the limited quality, more research is needed to examine whether the difference between individual and group treatment is clinically relevant
Xylocaine® 10% Pump Spray as topical anaesthetic for venepuncture pain
Background: Cutaneous analgesia for venepuncture pain can be achieved using various topically applied local anaesthetic formulations. Xylocaine®10% Pump Spray containing lignocaine hydrochloride and 95% ethanol is exclusively recommended for mucosal anaesthesia. However, this formulation is readily able to penetrate skin. This study investigated whether topical pretreatment with Xylocaine® 10% Pump Spray could facilitate analgesia for venepuncture.Methods: A single-centre, prospective, randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled trial was conducted. One hundred patients were enrolled. The control and intervention groups had 0.5 ml saline and 0.5 ml Xylocaine®applied for 20 min to preselected venepuncture sites. Pain associated with an 18-gauge cannula venepuncture was rated on an 11-point Numerical Rating Scale. A two-point or 30% reduction in pain would be deemed clinically significant.Results: Pain scores were lower (p= 0.001) in the Xylocaine® (median 2; 95% CI 2–3) than the saline (median 4; 95% CI 3–5) group. Moderate-to-severe pain occurred in fewer Xylocaine® (18%) than saline (42%) treated patients (relative risk 0.43, CI 0.22 to 0.48; NNT = 5).Conclusion:Topical Xylocaine®10% Pump Spray pre-treatment provided a time-effective method of reducing venepuncture associated pain.Keywords:local anaesthesia, venepuncture pain, Xylocaine® 10% Pump Spra
Atom lithography without laser cooling
Using direct-write atom lithography, Fe nanolines are deposited with a pitch
of 186 nm, a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 50 nm, and a height of up to
6 nm. These values are achieved by relying on geometrical collimation of the
atomic beam, thus without using laser collimation techniques. This opens the
way for applying direct-write atom lithography to a wide variety of elements.Comment: 7 pages, 11 figure
Analysis of Photoassociation Spectra for Giant Helium Dimers
We perform a theoretical analysis to interpret the spectra of purely
long-range helium dimers produced by photoassociation (PA) in an ultra-cold gas
of metastable helium atoms. The experimental spectrum obtained with the PA
laser tuned closed to the atomic line has been
reported in a previous Letter. Here, we first focus on the corrections to be
applied to the measured resonance frequencies in order to infer the molecular
binding energies. We then present a calculation of the vibrational spectra for
the purely long-range molecular states, using adiabatic potentials obtained
from perturbation theory. With retardation effects taken into account, the
agreement between experimental and theoretical determinations of the spectrum
for the purely long-range potential well is very good. The results
yield a determination of the lifetime of the atomic state
Optimal timing of pulmonary valve replacement in tetralogy of Fallot
Over the past decades, life expectancy in patients with congenital heart disease has increased dramatically. However, serious complications may develop late after total repair in infancy. These complications are usually the result of longstanding pulmonary regurgitation which leads tot dilatation of the right ventricle and an increased risk for severe arrhythmias. Therefore lifelong follow-up in these patients is required. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is the current imaging tool of choice because it offers superior imaging quality and enables accurate quantification of functional parameters such as flow volumes and systolic and diastolic performance. Pulmonary valve replacement is often performed in Tetralogy of Fallot patients later in life due to pulmonary regurgitation with or without severe right ventricular failure. However, the optimal timing of pulmonary valve replacement has not yet been elucidated. Therefore, the current study focuses on the optimal timing of pulmonary valve replacement in patient late after total repair of Tetralogy of Fallot.Medis medical imaging bv, LKEB Leiden, Foundation Imago, Guerbet Nederland bvUBL - phd migration 201
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