Enhancing the bioconversion of winery and olive mill waste mixtures into lignocellulolytic enzymes and animal feed by Aspergillus uvarum using a packed-bed bioreactor

Wineries and olive oil industries are dominant agro-industrial activities in southern European regions. Olive pomace, exhausted grape marc and vine shoot trimmings are lignocellulosic residues generated by these industries, which could be valued biotechnologically. In the present work these residues were used as substrate to produce cellulases and xylanases through solid-state fermentation using Aspergillus uvarum. For that, two factorial designs (32) were first planned to optimize substrate composition, temperature and initial moisture level. Subsequently, the kinectics of cellulolytic enzymes production, fungal growth and fermented solid were characterized, Finally, the process was performed in a packed-bed bioreactor. The results showed that cellulase activity improved with the optimization processes, reaching 33.56 U/g, and with the packed-bed bioreactor aeration of 0.2 L/min, reaching 38.51 U/g. The composition of fermented solids indicated their potential use for animal feed because cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and phenolic compounds were partially degraded 28.08, 10.78, 13.3 and 28.32% respectively, crude protein was increased from 8.47% to 17.08%, and, the mineral contents meet the requirements of main livestock.J.M.S. was supported by Grant SFRH/BPD/84440/2012 from Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal. L.A. was supported by Grant Incentivo/EQB/LA0023/2014 from O Novo Norte (ON.2). We thank FCT Strategic Project PEst-OE/EQB/LA0023/2013 and the Project "BioInd - Biotechnology and Bioengineering for improved Industrial and Agro-Food processes, Rer. NORTE-07-0124-FEDER-000028" co-funded by the Programa Operacional Regional do Norte (ON.2), QREN, FEDE

Duas abordagens artroscópicas para a articulação escapulo umeral no cão Two arthroscopic approaches for the shoulder joint in dog

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar em cadáveres de cães a exeqüibilidade do exame das estruturas intra-articulares através de duas diferentes abordagens artroscópicas da articulação escápulo-umeral. As articulações constituíram dois grupos: (A) o portal artroscópico foi estabelecido cranial e o portal instrumental caudal ao processo acromial; (B) o portal artroscópico foi confeccionado caudal e o portal instrumental cranial ao processo acromial. Durante o exame, procurou-se avaliar a possibilidade de visibilização concomitante com o toque através de sonda nas estruturas intra-articulares: cartilagem da cabeça do úmero (cranial, media e caudal), cavidade glenóide, tendão do músculo bíceps braquial, tendão do músculo subescapular, ligamento glenoumeral medial e lateral e bolsa articular caudal. As estruturas localizadas na porção cranial e média da articulação foram mais bem examinadas pela abordagem artroscópica realizada no grupo B, enquanto que aquelas estruturas situadas na porção média e caudal da articulação foram mais bem acessadas pela técnica utilizada no grupo A. Em nenhuma das abordagens, o ligamento glenoumeral lateral foi satisfatoriamente examinado.<br>This research was aimed at studing in dog corpses the feasibility of the exam of the intrarticular structures by using two different arthroscopic shoulder approaches. The joints were assembled in two groups: (A) the arthroscopic portal was established cranially and the instrumental portal caudally to the acromial process; (B) the arthroscopic portal was established caudally and the instrumental portal cranially to the acromial process. At the time of the exam the possibility of arthroscopic visualization concurrently with the touch with the probe of the intra articular structures was evaluated: humeral head cartilage (cranial, midlle and caudal), glenoid cavity, brachial biceps muscle tendon, subscapularis muscle tendon, medial and lateral glenohumeral ligament and caudal joint pouch. The intra articular structures situated in the cranial and middle side of the joint were better examined by approaching used in B group. On the other hand the structures localized in the caudal and middle portions of the joint were better inspected by approaching used in A group. However the lateral glenohumeral ligament was not completely checked neither using the A group approach nor using the B group approach