Changes in the Soundscape of the Public Space Close to a Highway by a Noise Control Intervention

The deployment of measures to mitigate sound during propagation outdoors is most often a compromise between the acoustic design, practical limitations, and visual preferences regarding the landscape. The current study of a raised berm next to a highway shows a number of common issues like the impact of the limited length of the noise shielding device, initially non-dominant sounds becoming noticeable, local drops in efficiency when the barrier is not fully continuous, and overall limited abatement efficiencies. Detailed assessments of both the objective and subjective effect of the intervention, both before and after the intervention was deployed, using the same methodology, showed that especially the more noise sensitive persons benefit from the noise abatement. Reducing the highest exposure levels did not result anymore in a different perception compared to more noise insensitive persons. People do react to spatial variation in exposure and abatement efficiency. Although level reductions might not be excessive in many real-life complex multi-source situations, they do improve the perception of the acoustic environment in the public space

The potential of building envelope greening to achieve quietness

Reduction of noise is one of the multiple benefits of building envelope greening measures. The potential of wall vegetation systems, green roofs, vegetated low screens at roof edges, and also combinations of such treatments, have been studied by means of combining 2D and 3D full-wave numerical methodologies. This study is concerned with road traffic noise propagation towards the traffic-free sides of inner-city buildings (courtyards). Preserving quietness at such locations has been shown before to be beneficial for the health and well-being of citizens. The results in this study show that green roofs have the highest potential to enhance quietness in courtyards. Favourable combinations of roof shape and green roofs have been identified. Vegetated facades are most efficient when applied to narrow city canyons with otherwise acoustically hard facade materials. Greening of the upper storey's in the street and (full) facades in the courtyard itself is most efficient to achieve noise reduction. Low-height roof screens were shown to be effective when multiple screens are placed, but only on conditions that their faces are absorbing. The combination of different greening measures results in a lower combined effect than when the separate effects would have been linearly added. The combination of green roofs or wall vegetation with roof screens seems most interesting

A Model of Sound Scattering by Atmospheric Turbulence for Use in Noise Mapping Calculations

Sound scattering due to atmospheric turbulence limits the noise reduction in shielded areas. An engineering model is presented, aimed to predict the scattered level for general noise mapping purposes including sound propagation between urban canyons. Energy based single scattering for homogeneous and isotropic turbulence following the Kolmogorov model is assumed as a starting point and a saturation based on the von Karman model is used as a first-order multiple scattering approximation. For a single shielding obstacle the scattering model is used to calculate a large dataset as function of the effective height of the shielding obstacle and its distances to source and receiver. A parameterisation of the dataset is used when calculating the influence of single or double canyons, including standardised air attenuation rates as well as facade absorption and Fresnel weighting of the multiple facade reflections. Assuming a single point source, an aver aging over three receiver positions and that each ground reflection causes energy doubling, the final engineering model is formulated as a scattered level for a shielding building without canyon plus a correction term for the effect of a single or a double canyon, assuming a flat rooftop of the shielding building. Input parameters are, in addition to geometry and sound frequency, the strengths of velocity and temperature turbulence

Influence of transmutation-induced Re/Os content on defect evolution in neutron-irradiated W

The microstructure of neutron irradiated tungsten (0.1 dpa - 0.8dpa at Tirr = 1200 ◦ C,) was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy applying high-sensitivity energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, which enables the visualization of the distribution of transmutation induced Re and Os. The study demonstrates the dose-dependent evolution of radiation-induced defects such as voids and dislocation loops as well as segregation behavior of Re and Os at these defects. Re segregation around voids occurs at the lowest damage dose of 0.1 dpa, while their enrichment on dislocation loops was detected at 0.2 dpa. Further generation of Re and Os leads to the formation of the χ-phase ((Re,Os)3 W) precipitates with a needle shape on voids and on dislocation loops. The formation of Os-rich nuclei within Re clouds around loops or voids is crucial for the onset of precipitate for- mation. It could be shown that the subsequent formation of precipitates on dislocation loops causes the disap- pearance of the loops. Based on these results, a modification of a well-known defect formation diagram in W has been proposed as a function of the Re/Os content. This would provide a comparison of defect evolution in W irradiated in reactors with different transmutation rates. It would also allow a prediction of the microstructural evolution in W under fusion condition

Qualifying and quantifying offshore wind farm-generated noise

The construction, operation and dismantling of offshore wind farms generate noise both above and under water that may be of environmental concern. The maximum detected sound power level of the above water pin piling noise for example, reached 145 dB(A), while the operational sound power level amounted to 105-115 dB(A) at high wind speed. Underwater construction noise was close to ambient noise levels for gravity based foundations (about 115 dB re 1 µPa RMS), while pin piling and especially monopile piling produced excessive levels of underwater noise up to 194 dB re 1 µPa (zero to peak level at 750m), attenuating to ambient noise levels at a distance of up to 70 km. Whether or not such noise levels are to be considered acceptable will depend on the future implementation of proposed regulations into the Belgian legislation