Effect of jute fibres on the process of MICP and properties of biocemented sand

There has been increasing interest, in the past decade, in bio-mediated approaches to soil improvement for geotechnical applications. Microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) has been investigated as a potentially sustainable method for the strengthening and stabilisation of soil structures. This paper presents the results of a study on the effect of jute fibres on both the MICP process and properties of biocemented sand. Ureolytic Sporosarcina pasteurii has been used to produce biocemented soil columns via MICP in the laboratory. Results showed that columns containing 0.75% (by weight of sand) untreated jute fibres had unconfined compressive strengths approximately six times greater on average compared to biocemented sand columns without jute fibres. Furthermore, efficiency of chemical conversion was found to be higher in columns containing jute fibres, as measured using ion chromatography. Columns containing jute had calcimeter measured CaCO3 contents at least three times those containing sand only. The results showed that incorporation of jute fibres into the biocemented sand material had a beneficial effect, resulting in stimulation of bacterial activity, thus sustaining the MICP process during the twelve-day treatment process. This study also explores the potential of jute fibres in self-healing MICP systems

Increased microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) efficiency in multiple treatment sand biocementation processes by augmentation of cementation medium with ammonium chloride

The cementation medium for ureolytic microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) typically consists of urea and a calcium source. While some studies have augmented this basic medium, the effects of adding substrates such as ammonium chloride are unclear. The studies detailed in this paper sought to quantify the effect of the ammonium chloride augmentation of cementation medium (CM) on the process of MICP. An aqueous MICP study was initially carried out to study the effects of adding ammonium chloride to the urea–calcium cementation medium. This batch test also explored the effect of varying the concentration of calcium chloride dihydrate (calcium source) in the CM. A subsequent sand column study was undertaken, whereby multiple treatments of CM were injected over several days to produce a biocement. Six columns were prepared using F65 sand bioaugmented with Sporosarcina pasteurii, half of which were injected with the basic medium only and half with the augmented medium for treatment two onwards. Effluent displaced from columns was tested using ion chromatography and Nesslerisation to determine the calcium and ammonium ion concentrations, respectively, and hence the treatment efficiency. Conductivity and pH testing of effluent gave insights into the bacterial urease activity. The addition of 0.187 M ammonium chloride to the CM resulted in approximately 100% chemical conversion efficiency within columns, based on calcium ion measurements, compared to only 57% and 33% efficiency for treatments three and four, respectively, when using the urea–calcium medium. Columns treated with the CM containing ammonium chloride had unconfined compressive strengths which were 1.8 times higher on average than columns treated with the urea–calcium medium only

Modelling desiccation cracking in a homogenous soil clay layer: comparison between different hypotheses on constitutive behaviour

Desiccation cracks are usually thought to start from the surface of an evaporating soil layer, and the available simplified models for crack initiation and propagation are based on this hypothesis. On the contrary, experimental results on a Dutch river clay showed that cracks in an evaporating soil layer may start and propagate below the surface, confirming earlier findings by other researchers. A simple one-dimensional model was set up to analyse the consequences of different hypotheses about the material behaviour on the crack onset in a homogenous soil layer undergoing surface drying. The results of the model show that dependence of the material behaviour on the rate of water content change is a necessary requirement for cracks to initiate below the surface. The conclusion suggests that, to properly understand cracking in an evaporating soil layer, an intrinsic time scale for the mechanical response must be accounted for, among all the other factors which were previously highlighted by other researchers. The key factor to predict crack onset below the surface is the dependence of the drying branch of the water retention curve of the compressible soil on the rate of drying, which would be justified by a rate dependent fabric evolution

Bio-inspired geotechnical engineering: Principles, current work, opportunities and challenges

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Bio-inspired geotechnical engineering: principles, current work, opportunities and challenges

A broad diversity of biological organisms and systems interact with soil in ways that facilitate their growth and survival. These interactions are made possible by strategies that enable organisms to accomplish functions that can be analogous to those required in geotechnical engineering systems. Examples include anchorage in soft and weak ground, penetration into hard and stiff subsurface materials and movement in loose sand. Since the biological strategies have been ‘vetted’ by the process of natural selection, and the functions they accomplish are governed by the same physical laws in both the natural and engineered environments, they represent a unique source of principles and design ideas for addressing geotechnical challenges. Prior to implementation as engineering solutions, however, the differences in spatial and temporal scales and material properties between the biological environment and engineered system must be addressed. Current bio-inspired geotechnics research is addressing topics such as soil excavation and penetration, soil–structure interface shearing, load transfer between foundation and anchorage elements and soils, and mass and thermal transport, having gained inspiration from organisms such as worms, clams, ants, termites, fish, snakes and plant roots. This work highlights the potential benefits to both geotechnical engineering through new or improved solutions and biology through understanding of mechanisms as a result of cross-disciplinary interactions and collaborations

Small-scale evaporation tests on clay: influence of drying rate on clayey soil layer

Cracks in drying soils have detrimental effects on the integrity of geotechnical structures. The evaporation rate is recognized to play an important role in fracture generation, having a direct impact on the amount of cracks produced. This investigation examined the drying behaviour of a clay with different initial water contents and under different evaporative conditions. Small-scale evaporation experiments were carried out using a river clay and commercially available suction-measuring equipment. The results showed that the initial conditions have great influence on the drying performance of a soil, which can be partly attributed to the influence of the surface texture and the pore structure. It was observed that under certain circumstances, the evaporation of a soil surface can be higher than that of open water. The different evaporation rates had a marked effect on the water distributions with depth within the soil. The evaporation rate also produced a dynamic response of the soil-water retention curve

Optimizing dewatering and soft tailings consolidation by enhancing tailings’ composition

In order to reclaim ultra-soft tailings (e.g. oil sands) ponds great amount of research and technology work has been performed over the years to optimize the dewatering and consolidation of Fine Fluid Tailings (FFT), including the use of different chemical flocculants and mechanical deposition approaches. Yet, traditionally flocculation, hence settling, and consolidation are treated as two independent processes. Here integrate these two processes, proving how implementation of certain types of flocculants influences the consolidation rates and strength of the deposit. Laboratory studies on small scale settling columns carried out at Deltares tested the settling and consolidation rates, and the strength development of FFT samples treated with different flocculants dosage under different water chemistry and pH conditions. These systematic tests revealed distinct correlations between flocculation and consolidation and strength properties. These studies also enabled us to find specific laboratory and analytical tools to assess the relevant properties of the tailings. We will show that using what is generally called "zeta potential” (in fact “electrophoretic”) measurements allow obtaining fast and reliable information about the tailings’ composition, such to estimate the required flocculant dose to optimize geotechnical properties. This, combined with the analytical methods to estimate consolidation rates from settling column, allowed us to distinctly correlate flocculation with consolidation.Applied Science, Faculty ofMining Engineering, Keevil Institute ofUnreviewedOthe

Unsaturated Fluid Flow through Granular Soils Treated with Microbial Induced Desaturation and Precipitation

The use of microorganisms to induce desaturation of granular soils via denitrification results in nitrogen and carbon dioxide gas generation, which in turn lowers the degree of saturation of the soil matrix. Given sufficient substrates, the stimulated bacteria will produce enough gas to develop a continuous gas phase. Introducing gas into the soil to reduce the degree of saturation is shown to increase the soil resistance to dynamic loading and helps to mitigate liquefaction. The impact of desaturation on liquefaction hazard mitigation has comparative value to the calcite precipitation phase of the process. Meso-scale tests have been performed on a relatively thin tank of soil to simulate planar flow through a granular soil treated with MIDP

Assessing the Kinetics and Pore‐Scale Characteristics of Biological Calcium Carbonate Precipitation in Porous Media using a Microfluidic Chip Experiment

Biomineralization through microbially or enzymatically induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP/EICP) by urea hydrolysis has been widely investigated for various engineering applications. Empirical correlations relating the amount of mineral precipitation to engineering properties like strength, stiffness, or permeability show large variations, which can be partly attributed to the pore‐scale characteristics of the precipitated minerals. This study aimed to gain insight into the precipitation kinetics and pore‐scale characteristics of calcium carbonate minerals through time lapse imaging of a transparent microfluidic chip, which was flushed 10 times with a reactive solution to stimulate EICP. An image processing algorithm was developed to detect the individual precipitated minerals and separate them from the grains and trapped air. Statistical analysis was performed to quantify the number and size distribution of precipitated minerals during each treatment cycle and the cumulative volume, surface area, bulk precipitation rate, nucleation rate, and supersaturation were calculated and compared with a simple numerical model and more complex theory on precipitation kinetics. The analysis showed that results were significantly affected by the assumed particle shape. The supersaturation, which controls the crystal nucleation and growth rates, was shown to be a function of the hydrolysis rate, the kinetic order and growth rate constant, and available surface area for mineral growth. Possible explanations for observed discrepancies between observations and theory, including diffusion limitations, the presence of inhibiting compounds, local pore clogging or observation bias, and limitations of the methodology, are discussed