45 research outputs found
Asylum Migration and Implications for Countries of Origin
forced migration, remittances, post-conflict reconstruction, development
Refugees in Diaspora: From Durable Solutions to Transnational Relations
When people flee conflict or persecution, a common pattern is for most to seek safety in other parts of their country, for a substantial number to look for refuge in a neighbouring country or countries, and for a smaller number to seek asylum in countries further afield, perhaps on other continents. If displacement persists and people consolidate themselves in their territories of refuge, complex relations will develop among these different domains of what we may call the ârefugee diasporaâ: that is, among those at home, those in neighbouring territories, and those spread further afield. Each of these domains corresponds to some extent to one of the sites associated with the three âdurable solutionsâ that UNHCR is charged with pursuing for refugees: integration in the country of first asylum, resettlement in a third country, or return to the homeland. Taking its cue from the burgeoning literature on diasporas and transnationalism, this paper explores whether the notion of âdurable solutionsâ can be squared with the transnational character of refugees. It offers a simple schema for considering diaspora and transnational relations, and suggests that transnationalism might be considered in itself as an âenduringâ if not a âdurableâ solution to displacement.Lorsque des gens fuient les conflits ou la persĂ©cution, lâun des rĂ©flexes les plus courants est de chercher la sĂ©curitĂ© dans dâautres parties de leur pays. Un nombre important de personnes cherchent plutĂŽt refuge dans le ou les pays avoisinants et un nombre plus restreint cherche asile dans des pays plus Ă©loignĂ©s, voire mĂȘme dans dâautres continents. Si le dĂ©placement persiste et que les personnes sâancrent dans leurs terres dâaccueil, des relations complexes se dĂ©veloppent parmi les diffĂ©rents volets de ce que nous pourrions appeler la « diaspora de rĂ©fugiĂ©s » : ceux qui sont chez eux, ceux des territoires voisins et ceux dissĂ©minĂ©s plus loin. Chacun de ces volets correspond jusquâĂ un certain point Ă lâun des lieux associĂ©s aux trois « solutions durables » que le Haut Commissaire des Nations Unies pour les rĂ©fugiĂ©s (HCNUR) est responsable dâappliquer : lâintĂ©gration des rĂ©fugiĂ©s dans le pays du premier asile, le rĂ©Ă©tablissement dans un pays tiers ou le retour au pays dâorigine. Ă partir de lâabondante littĂ©rature sur les diasporas et le transnationalisme, lâarticle pose la question Ă savoir si la notion de « solutions durables » peut ĂȘtre mise en parallĂšle avec le caractĂšre transnational des rĂ©fugiĂ©s. Il offre un schĂ©ma pour examiner les relations transnationales et de la diaspora, et suggĂšre que le transnationalisme peut ĂȘtre considĂ©rĂ© en soi comme une solution de dĂ©placement « persistante », sinon « durable »
Managing Mobility for Human Development: The Growing Salience of Mixed Migration
In the analysis of migration a basic distinction is often made between those who chose to move and those who are forced to â that is, between âvoluntaryâ and âforcedâ migrants. This distinction is maintained in the policy world, where the governance of international migration is shaped by the conceptual distinction between âvoluntaryâ and âforcedâ migration as mutually exclusive categories. In reality of course the distinction is far from clear-cut. Migration can be âmixedâ in several senses: motivations may be mixed at the point of making the decision to move, when there are often combinations of choice and compulsion in play; people may travel with others in mixed migratory flows; motivations may change en route; and people may find themselves in mixed communities during their journeys or at their destination. This paper explores the connections between mixed migration and human development, understood as the expansion of capabilities and choice (Sen 1999). It first clarifies some of the key concepts in the migration discourse, particularly the role of choice and compulsion in migration, before exploring the emergence of the notions of âmixed migrationâ and the âmigration-asylum nexusâ in the policy arena. The paper then turns to some of the manifestations of âmixed migrationâ and the conditions migrants encounter in such migration streams. It next considers how mixed migration and migration policies â or âmigration governanceâ -- encounter one another. Finally, some policy conclusions are drawn from the evidence presented, pointing to the idea that the transnational practices that arise from mixed migration may constitute a âdurable solutionâ in settings of conflict and displacement.mixed migration, force and choice, refugees, migration policy, development
Managing mobility for human development: the growing salience of mixed migration
In the analysis of migration a basic distinction is often made between those who chose to move and those who are forced to â that is, between âvoluntaryâ and âforcedâ migrants. This distinction is maintained in the policy world, where the governance of international migration is shaped by the conceptual distinction between âvoluntaryâ and âforcedâ migration as mutually exclusive categories. In reality of course the distinction is far from clear-cut. Migration can be âmixedâ in several senses: motivations may be mixed at the point of making the decision to move, when there are often combinations of choice and compulsion in play; people may travel with others in mixed migratory flows; motivations may change en route; and people may find themselves in mixed communities during their journeys or at their destination. This paper explores the connections between mixed migration and human development, understood as the expansion of capabilities and choice (Sen 1999). It first clarifies some of the key concepts in the migration discourse, particularly the role of choice and compulsion in migration, before exploring the emergence of the notions of âmixed migrationâ and the âmigration-asylum nexusâ in the policy arena. The paper then turns to some of the manifestations of âmixed migrationâ and the conditions migrants encounter in such migration streams. It next considers how mixed migration and migration policies â or âmigration governanceâ -- encounter one another. Finally, some policy conclusions are drawn from the evidence presented, pointing to the idea that the transnational practices that arise from mixed migration may constitute a âdurable solutionâ in settings of conflict and displacement.mixed migration, force and choice, refugees, migration policy, development
Managing mobility for human development: the growing salience of mixed migration
In the analysis of migration a basic distinction is often made between those who chose to move and
those who are forced to â that is, between âvoluntaryâ and âforcedâ migrants. This distinction is
maintained in the policy world, where the governance of international migration is shaped by the
conceptual distinction between âvoluntaryâ and âforcedâ migration as mutually exclusive
categories. In reality of course the distinction is far from clear-cut. Migration can be âmixedâ in
several senses: motivations may be mixed at the point of making the decision to move, when
there are often combinations of choice and compulsion in play; people may travel with others in
mixed migratory flows; motivations may change en route; and people may find themselves in
mixed communities during their journeys or at their destination. This paper explores the
connections between mixed migration and human development, understood as the expansion of
capabilities and choice (Sen 1999). It first clarifies some of the key concepts in the migration
discourse, particularly the role of choice and compulsion in migration, before exploring the
emergence of the notions of âmixed migrationâ and the âmigration-asylum nexusâ in the policy
arena. The paper then turns to some of the manifestations of âmixed migrationâ and the
conditions migrants encounter in such migration streams. It next considers how mixed migration
and migration policies â or âmigration governanceâ -- encounter one another. Finally, some
policy conclusions are drawn from the evidence presented, pointing to the idea that the
transnational practices that arise from mixed migration may constitute a âdurable solutionâ in
settings of conflict and displacement
Managing mobility for human development: the growing salience of mixed migration
In the analysis of migration a basic distinction is often made between those who chose to move and
those who are forced to â that is, between âvoluntaryâ and âforcedâ migrants. This distinction is
maintained in the policy world, where the governance of international migration is shaped by the
conceptual distinction between âvoluntaryâ and âforcedâ migration as mutually exclusive
categories. In reality of course the distinction is far from clear-cut. Migration can be âmixedâ in
several senses: motivations may be mixed at the point of making the decision to move, when
there are often combinations of choice and compulsion in play; people may travel with others in
mixed migratory flows; motivations may change en route; and people may find themselves in
mixed communities during their journeys or at their destination. This paper explores the
connections between mixed migration and human development, understood as the expansion of
capabilities and choice (Sen 1999). It first clarifies some of the key concepts in the migration
discourse, particularly the role of choice and compulsion in migration, before exploring the
emergence of the notions of âmixed migrationâ and the âmigration-asylum nexusâ in the policy
arena. The paper then turns to some of the manifestations of âmixed migrationâ and the
conditions migrants encounter in such migration streams. It next considers how mixed migration
and migration policies â or âmigration governanceâ -- encounter one another. Finally, some
policy conclusions are drawn from the evidence presented, pointing to the idea that the
transnational practices that arise from mixed migration may constitute a âdurable solutionâ in
settings of conflict and displacement
Who Counts in Crises? The New Geopolitics of International Migration and Refugee Governance
Recent migration âcrisesâ raise important geopolitical questions. Who is âthe migrantâ that contemporary politics are fixated on? How are answers to âwho counts as a migrantâ changing? Who gets to do that counting, and under what circumstances? This forum responds to, as well as questions, the current saliency of migration by examining how categories of migration hold geopolitical significanceânot only in how they are constructed and by whom, but also in how they are challenged and subverted. Furthermore, by examining how the very concepts of âmigrantâ and ârefugeeâ are used in different contexts, and for a variety of purposes, it opens up critical questions about mobility, citizenship and the nation state. Collectively, these contributions aim to demonstrate how problematising migration and its categorisation can be a tool of enquiry into other phenomena and processes
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Revisiting Consumer Ethnocentrism: Review, Reconceptualization, and Empirical Testing
Prior research has suggested that many consumers prefer domestic to foreign products, even when the quality is lower and the price is higher. Such bias is attributed to consumer ethnocentrism. This study critically examines the current conceptualizations of consumer ethnocentrism and proposes an extension of its conceptual boundaries and measurement. It determines that consumer ethnocentrism is a multidimensional construct that encompasses five dimensions: prosociality, cognition, insecurity, reflexiveness, and habituation. Empirical evidence from the United Kingdom and the United States demonstrates that the extended measurement instrument better predicts consumers' preferences for local brands at the expense of foreign brands