229 research outputs found
A case of severe pseudohyperkalaemia due to muscle contraction
Introduction: Severe hyperkalaemia is a serious medical condition requiring immediate medical attention. Before medical treatment is started,
pseudohyperkalaemia has to be ruled out.
Case description: A 10-month old infant presented to the emergency department with fever and coughing since 1 week. Routine venous blood testing
revealed a severe hyperkalaemia of 6.9 mmol/L without any indication of haemolysis. Reanalysis of the plasma sample confirmed the hyperkalaemia
(7.1 mmol/L). Based on these results, the clinical pathologist suggested to perform a venous blood gas analysis and electrocardiogram (ECG)
which revealed a normal potassium of 3.7 mmol/L and normal ECG, ruling out a potentially life-treating hyperkalaemia. The child was diagnosed
with pneumonia. The paediatrician had difficulty to perform the first venous blood collection due to excessive movement of the infant during venipuncture.
The muscle contractions of the child in combination with venous stasis most probably led to a local increase of potassium in the sampled
limbs. The second sample collected under optimal preanalytical circumstances had a normal potassium. Since muscle contraction typically does not
cause severe hyperkalaemia, other causes of pseudohyperkalaemia were excluded. K3-EDTA contamination and familial hyperkalaemia were ruled
out and the patient did not have extreme leucocytosis or thrombocytosis. By exclusion a diagnosis of pseudohyperkalaemia due to intense muscle
movement and venous stasis was made.
Conclusion: This case suggests that intense muscle contraction and venous stasis can cause severe pseudohyperkalemia without hemolysis. Once
true hyperkalemia has been ruled out, a laboratory work-up can help identify the cause of pseudohyperkalaemia
Analyzing human factors in road accidents: TRACE WP5 Summary Report
The main objectives of TRACE WP5 'Human factors' deliverables are:
i) To support a better standardization of accident analysis in Europe on a scientific background,
ii) To provide operational models and methodological classification grids dealing with 'human factors'
aspects involved in road accidents,
iii) To promote a comprehensive analysis of the involvement of human beings, going further than the
usual 'user-orientated causal analysis' often limited at establishing the driver 'at fault' and without
searching for the background reasons of the problems met par road users.
Such objectives involve analyzing accidents as the symptom of the difficulties met by drivers in
certain driving situations, and as a revelatory of their needs in help. Two questions have to be asked in
order to progress in the understanding of accident causation: 1) What are precisely and operationally
the human failures in accidents? But also: 2) What are the reasons for these human failures? Keeping
in mind that these reasons are of multiple natures and combine most of the time to produce the final
event. By so doing, the definition of typical scenarios of 'human error' production can open to the
definition of more appropriate countermeasures, well fitted to human needs
Which factors and situations for human functional failures? Developing grids for accident causation analysis
This report describes the work undertaken in Task 5.2 of the TRACE project. Human failures are
explained by factors characterizing the state of the system and of their interactions. A grid of factors
which could lead to these human functional failures is given along with a grid of pre-accident driving
situations. In addition to this, an overview is included of the background work undertaken to
establish a methodology for classification of these factors and situations. Factors related to the âUserâ,
âVehicleâ and âEnvironmentâ are described and classifications for use at a âdescriptiveâ, âgenericâ and
âin-depthâ level are determined, to allow analysis at different levels of detail of accident data. These
factors and situations will be used along with the Task 5.1 functional failures to help identify typical
failure generating scenarios in Task 5.3, and the subsequent analysis of real world accident data in
other work packages in TRACE. They will also be a useful basis for future improvements in the
collection of accident causation data, avoiding the common over simplification whereby road users
are seen as the main reason for the âfailureâ in the accident scenario
An analysis of speed related UK accidents using a human functional failure methodology
Accidents involving either illegal or inappropriate speeding play a part in a large proportion of accidents involving cars. The types of typical failure generating scenarios found in car accidents where illegal speeding or inappropriate speeding is contributory are compared using the detailed human functional failure methodology developed in the European TRACE project (TRaffic Accident Causation in Europe), funded by the European Commission.
Using on-scene cases from the UK âOn The Spotâ database (funded by the UK Department for Transport and Highways Agency), a sample of cases where speed is contributory have been analysed. An overview of speeding cases from the 4,000 in-depth cases available in the dataset is also presented.
The results highlight not only the differences between inappropriate and illegal speeding cases, but also the differences in the functional failures experienced by both the âat faultâ and ânot at faultâ road users in both types of speed-related accidents.
The results form a unique base of knowledge for future work on the human-related issues associated with speeding of both types, for all crash participants. Also considered is how new technologies can address speeding accidents
Delayed diagnosis and treatment of extreme hypertriglyceridemia due to rejection of a lipemic sample
Most laboratories routinely determine haemolysis, icterus and lipemia indices to identify lipemic samples and reject potentially affected results. Hypertriglyceridemia is the most common cause of lipemia and severe hypertriglyceridemia (â„ 11.3 mmol/L) is a major risk factor of acute pancreatitis.
A 56-year-old woman attended the outpatient clinic for a follow-up visit 1 month after a kidney transplantation. Her immunosuppressive therapy consisted of corticosteroids, cyclosporine, and mycophenolic acid. The routine clinical chemistry sample was rejected due to extreme lipemia. The comment âextreme lipemic sampleâ was added on the report, but the requesting physician could not be reached. The Cobas 8000 gave a technical error (absorption > 3.3) for the HIL-indices (L-index: 38.6 mmol/L) which persisted after high-speed centrifugation. The patient was given a new appointment 2 days later. The new sample was also grossly lipemic and gave the same technical error (L-index: 35.9 mmol/L).
The second sample was manually diluted 20-fold after centrifugation to obtain a result for triglycerides within the measuring range (0.10â50.0 mmol/L). Triglycerides were 169.1 mmol/L, corresponding to very severe hypertriglyceridemia. This result was communicated to the nephrologist and the patient immediately recalled to the hospital. She received therapeutic plasma exchange the next day and did not develop acute pancreatitis.
This case illustrates the delicate balance between avoiding the release of unreliable results due to lipemia and the risk of delayed diagnosis when results are rejected. Providing an estimate of the degree of hypertriglyceridemia might be preferable to rejecting the result
Trip related factors
WP3 of the European Project TRACE is concerned with Types of Factors to analyse the causation of
road traffic accidents from a factors' point of view. In task 3.3 'Trip-related Factors' it was tried to
characterise accidents that are caused by certain contributing factors found on a trip level.
This was done by applying one statistical method to existing databases of the WP3 Partners on the one
hand and on the other hand by performing an in-depth case analysis using the WP5 method.
The analysed factors stem from the Human Component of the accident causation classification,
namely "alcohol", "vigilance", and "experience", from the Vehicle Component, namely "vehicle
condition/maintenance", and from the Environment component, namely "road layout" and "road
condition". This selection resulted from the task 3.1 conclusions and feasibility reasons.
Due to inhomogeneous results for the databases from Austria, France, Germany, Great Britain, and
Spain the detailed results will be pictured in an Internal TRACE Report by Sub-reports of the WP3
Partners, in this task report the main results are discussed with respect to findings and data in other
databases available to the TRACE partners as requested from WP8.
Both methods applied show that trip-related factors are possible to prevent not on a trip level only,
but also from a background level and as well on a level closer to the accident (driving task level).
However, only some suggestions are possible to give by these results. A more detailed view for
preventing the different accidents that result from trip-related factors is necessary, as shown by the
results of BASt with the statistic method, as well as by INRETS with the ultra in-depth WP5 method
Driving task-related factors
Driving task-related factors by definition are âdirectly and causally contributing to the accident occurrence, very
specific and detailed, are short-term lasting or dynamic in nature, and refer to the actual conditions of the
componentsâ.
The aim was to analyse specific driving task-related factors to investigate how these type of factors affect the
driver undertaking their tasks within driving. A selection of driving task-related factors were chosen and
analysed using two types of analysis; by a statistical method and by an in-depth methodology developed in
TRACE.
Typical characteristics of these accidents were identified, and for a number of factors, typical failure generating
scenarios were also identified. From this, a list of possible countermeasures were defined with the aim of
preventing such accidents occurring. These included driver education, in-vehicle technologies and design issues.
Finally, benefits and limitations of the analysis undertaken are given, with recommendation for future work on
driving task-related factors
Summary report on work package 3 "Types of Factors"
This summary report presents the main results of Work Package 3 "Types of Factors" of the TRACE
Project. The work as performed in the tasks 3.1 (accident related factors), 3.2 (sociological and cultural
factors), 3.3 (trip-related factors), and 3.4 (driving-task associated factors) and presented in the
Deliverables 3.1 to 3.4 and an additional internal TRACE Report (Collection of Sub-Reports for task
3.3) is summarized and discussed.
The objective of defining relevant accident related factors first and the objective of analysing traffic
accident causation
- from a factor's point of view while taking traditional views into account
- on different levels
- by using statistic methods for existing databases as provided by the Work Package 3 Partners and
- by using new (developed in Work Package 5 of the TRACE project) methods on new case analysis
in order to gain new knowledge on accident causation was possible to reach.
The scope of the identified key aspects as found by the Partners in their work for the relevance in
EU27 is discussed. In accordance, even further, appropriate suggestions for prevention of traffic
accidents can be derived
- âŠ