Koprcanje u vodi: žene, feminizam i oružane snage

This paper consists of five parts. Part I argues that, contrary to common perceptions, the attempt of modern feminism to put relations between men and women on a new and equal basis is not going anywhere. Part II extends the argument to the military and war, suggesting that women have only made limited inroads into “the last bastion" of male superiority and that what inroads they did make have often been more illusory than real. Part III argues that, even to the very limited extent women have succeeded in penetrating the military, the process has peaked and may now start going into reverse. Part IV suggests that, both in civilian life and in the military, what achievements feminism can show have been bought at such heavy cost as to be counterproductive. Finally, part V sums up the argument by suggesting that, both in civilian life and in the military, feminism’s quest for liberation has been both a myth and a cul de sac. And the faster women realize it, the better both for them and for men.Rad se sastoji iz pet dijelova. U prvom se dijelu dokazuje da, suprotno ustaljenim predodžbama, pokušaj modernog feminizma da odnose između muškaraca i žena postavu na nove temelje jednakosti ne vodi nikamo. Drugi dio ovaj argument proširuje na oružane snage i rat, pokazujući da su žene ostvarile samo ograničeni ulazak u “posljednji bastion” muške nadmoćnosti te da je taj ulazak u više slučaja iluzoran nego stvaran. U trećem se dijelu tvrdi da je proces - usprkos vrlo ograničenim razmjerima ženske penetracije u oružane snage - dosegao vrhunac i da bi sada mogao početi ići u obratnom smjeru. Četvrti dio zagovara tezu da je za sva postignuća feminizma plaćena tako visoka cijena da je cijela stvar kontraporoduktivna. Konačni, peti dio zaključuje raspravu tvrdnjom da je feministička borba za oslobođenje, kako u civilnom tako i u vojnom životu, bila i mit i slijepa ulica. Što to žene brže shvate, to će biti bolje i za njih i za muškarce

Through a Glass, Darkly

Confronted with its own supreme product, nuclear weapons, large-scale interstate war as a phenomenon is slowly but surely being squeezed below the historical horizon. What will arise in its place

Preface. The Study of War

Preface to the Estonian Yearbook of Military History 7 (13) 201

Lit environments that promote health and well-being

The beneficial effects of light on human non-image forming processes are subject to much research interest and are outlined in this article. Known mechanisms of impact include those on the circadian timing system, the arousal system and the affective system. An indication is made that it is important to consider the characteristics of the light field not just the light source when making recommendations concerning light of certain spectral quality. What types of light field are people exposed to on a regular basis and can these lit environments be considered beneficial? How much do these lit scenes differ in terms of spectral composition, as well as in light distribution patterns and illuminance levels, from those conditions that are currently suggested for optimising occupant health and wellbeing? A representative set of natural and built lit environments were identified ranging from seascapes/landscapes to an urban square and various interior architectural environments. A photometric and colorimetric snapshot was measured during the midday hours, to replicate the visual field as viewed from the perspective of the observer. The measured spectral irradiance of light received at the cornea was converted into derived lighting metrics that are the subject of current recommendation: relative sensitivity curve (V λ), vertical/horizontal illuminance ratio (Ev/Eh), cylindrical illuminance (Ec) and circadian stimulus. The data were analysed to demonstrate that the indications are that more natural lit environments are expected to be beneficial. Discussion follows about the relative importance of spectral composition, intensity and light distribution within the visual field and how these might combine to optimise our health and wellbeing. / Practical application: Architectural and engineering designers are being encouraged to devise environments that promote human health and wellbeing. New lighting metrics are being suggested and this article seeks to indicate how effective these metrics are in their ability to characterise these lit environments

The inactivation of factor VIII in vitro

When normal citrated plasma is stored at 37° C and pH 7.8 the factor VIII activity drops to about 50% of its initial value during the first 8-12 h. In the following 4 days practically no further drop in activity is found. If the logarithm of the factor VIII activity is plotted against time a curve is obtained which can be described as biphasic. To explore the underlying mechanism of this phenomenon the influence of temperature, pH, Ca++ concentration and some other clotting factors was investigated. Between temperatures of 21° C and 45° C the inactivation of factor VIII was biphasic, the decrease of factor VIII being faster in both phases at higher temperatures. The inactivation at these temperatures showed a Q10 of about 2. At 52° C nearly all factor VIII activity disappeared within 8 h. Possibly the precipitation of fibrinogen at this temperature is of influence. Between pH 6.4 and 8.5 the decrease in factor VIII in the first phase was obviously slower at lower pH and the level of the second phase maintained at a higher factor VIII activity. No alteration of the normal inactivation pattern was seen in plasma from patients with congenital deficiencies of factors XII, IX or V or in normal plasma adsorbed with BaS04 which has factors II, VII, IX and X markedly decreased, nor was there any difference between platelet rich and platelet poor plasma. Low calcium concentrations (Resinplasma) markedly increased the rate of inactivation in the first phase, but did not influence the second phase. Four hypotheses are given to explain the biphasic inactivation of factor VIII: a) The presence of an inactivating substance in the first phase or a stabilizing factor in the second phase of factor VIII inactivation. b) The existence of two independent substances with factor VIII activity with different inactivation rates. c) Reversible denaturation of factor VIII in one or more steps. d) Factor VIII exists in plasma in two interdependent molecular forms. It is discussed that in view of the results of the experiments hypotheses a and b are not very likely. At present we cannot differentiate experimentally between c and d