Immunity related genes in dipterans share common enrichment of AT-rich motifs in their 5' regulatory regions that are potentially involved in nucleosome formation

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Understanding the transcriptional regulation mechanisms in response to environmental challenges is of fundamental importance in biology. Transcription factors associated to response elements and the chromatin structure had proven to play important roles in gene expression regulation. We have analyzed promoter regions of dipteran genes induced in response to immune challenge, in search for particular sequence patterns involved in their transcriptional regulation.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>5' upstream regions of <it>D. melanogaster </it>and <it>A. gambiae </it>immunity-induced genes and their corresponding orthologous genes in 11 non-melanogaster drosophilid species and <it>Ae. aegypti </it>share enrichment in AT-rich short motifs. AT-rich motifs are associated with nucleosome formation as predicted by two different algorithms. In <it>A. gambiae </it>and <it>D. melanogaster</it>, many immunity genes 5' upstream sequences also showed NFκB response elements, located within 500 bp from the transcription start site. In <it>A. gambiae</it>, the frequency of ATAA motif near the NFκB response elements was increased, suggesting a functional link between nucleosome formation/remodelling and NFκB regulation of transcription.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>AT-rich motif enrichment in 5' upstream sequences in <it>A. gambiae, Ae. aegypti </it>and the <it>Drosophila </it>genus immunity genes suggests a particular pattern of nucleosome formation/chromatin organization. The co-occurrence of such motifs with the NFκB response elements suggests that these sequence signatures may be functionally involved in transcriptional activation during dipteran immune response. AT-rich motif enrichment in regulatory regions in this group of co-regulated genes could represent an evolutionary constrained signature in dipterans and perhaps other distantly species.</p

Dengue virus infection induces chromatin remodeling at locus AAEL006536 in the midgut of Aedes aegypti

Objective. To identify and characterize Aedes aegypti’s AAEL006536 gene proximal upstream cis-regulatory sequences activated by dengue virus infection. Materials and methods. A. aegypti Rockefeller strain mosquitoes were blood fed or infected with dengue virus 2. Open chromatinprofiling was then carried out in pools of midguts from each group of mosquitoes. Results. The proximal upstream region does not contain open chromatin sites in the midguts of blood-fed mosquitoes as detected by FAIRE-qPCR. In contrast, two cis-regulatory sites were identified in the same upstream region of dengue virus-infected mosquito midguts. The distal sequence contains STAT-, REL- and C/EBP-type transcription factor binding sites. Conclusion. The activation of two proximal cis-regulatory sequences, induced by dengue virus infection, is mediated by chromatin remodeling mechanisms. Binding sites suggest a dengue virus infectioninduced participation of immunity transcription factors in the up-regulation of this gene. This suggests the participation of the AAEL006536 gene in the mosquito’s antiviral innate immune response

Renal Complications Due to SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Pediatric Population

Background and Aim: COVID-19 pandemic originated in Wuhan City, China, in 2019.The disease spectrum ranges from asymptomatic to severe respiratory failure leadingto death. Although in a lower percentage, pediatric patients also have complications,not only pulmonary but also systemic, affecting other organs. This article aims to studythe renal involvement of pediatric patients infected by the Severe Acute RespiratorySyndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).Methods: We designed a retrospective observational cohort study of patientshospitalized in the emergency department and intensive care unit of a tertiary medicalfacility hospital Infantil de México Federico Gomez in Mexico City, from March 1,2020, to May 16, 2021. The inclusion criteria included patients younger than 18 yearswho had a positive Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) test ora positive rapid antigen test of nasopharyngeal sample for SARS-CoV-2 at admission.Results: We included 165 patients, of whom 29(17.6%) patients developed renalcomplications during hospitalization. In these patients, 12(41.3%) patients developedproteinuria, 10(34.5%) developed any type of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), i.e., AcuteKidney Injury Network (AKIN-1) in 26.6%, AKIN-2 in 40% and AKIN-3 in 33.3%.Also, 5(17.2%) patients had arterial hypertension, 2(6.9%) required renal replacementtherapy, 4(13.8%) had hematuria. Only 1(3.4%) patient had developed rapidlyprogressive glomerulonephritis.Conclusion: COVID-19 infection within its spectrum can cause kidney disease; themost common complications are proteinuria and AKI. Older age and admission to theintensive care unit are risk factors for kidney damage

Direct medical cost of COVID-19 in children hospitalized at a tertiary referral healthcare center in Mexico City

IntroductionDespite the end of the COVID-19 pandemic being declared by the WHO, the economic consequences are far from over. One of these implications was the cost of inpatient care for health institutions. To date, some studies have examined the economic burden of COVID-19 in the adult population but only a few have focused on child populations.ObjectiveTo estimate the direct medical costs of COVID-19, focusing on children in Mexico.MethodData about resources consumed during hospital stays were extracted from the medical records of patients hospitalized at a Mexican tertiary healthcare institution. Other sources of information were the unit prices of inputs and the salaries of health personnel. A micro-costing methodology was used to obtain cost results by age group over different hospital areas. Data analysis was performed with descriptive statistics and regression models to evaluate the predictors of total cost.ResultsOne hundred and ten medical records were reviewed of which 57.3% corresponded to male patients and the mean age was 7.2 years old. The estimated average cost per patient was US$5,943 (95$4,249–7,637). When the costs of the three clinical areas were summed, only the 5–10 years old group showed a maximum cost of US$14,000. The regression analysis revealed the following factors as significant: sex, age, staying at an emergency room, having a positive bacterial culture, and having comorbidities.DiscussionThe cost results were somewhat similar to those reported in children from the USA, but only regarding low severity COVID-19 cases. However, comparability between these types of studies should be done with caution due to the huge differences between the healthcare systems of countries. The study cost results may help public decision-makers in budget planning and as inputs for future cost-effectiveness studies about interventions regarding COVID-19

Composición espacial y temporal de aves acuáticas y rapaces en humedales del centro de México

Introduction: Wetlands play an important role as habitats for various groups of birds, particularly those with aquatic habits. Despite their high biodiversity, in Mexico there are few studies on the composition and dynamics of bird assemblages in these wetlands. Objective: To evaluate the spatial and temporal dynamics of the aquatic bird and raptor community in wetlands. Methods: To characterize waterfowl and raptors, transects of variable distance were checked monthly from November 2019 to February 2022 in wetlands located in the Metropolitan Zone of Mexico City. Results: We counted 105 bird species. The highest values of diversity were in Laguna de Zumpango (91 species) and Lake Nabor Carrillo (91). Most of these species are migratory (63%), while 30% are residents, and 7% are introduced. Significant spatial and temporal differences (p&lt;0,05) were found in the composition of the bird community. Conclusion: The highest diversity was in Zumpango and Nabor, and most species are migratory.Introducción: Los humedales cumplen una importante función ecológica como hábitats para diversos grupos de aves, en específico las de hábitos acuáticos. A pesar de su alta diversidad, en México existen escasos estudios sobre la composición y dinámica de la comunidad de aves en humedales. Objetivo: evaluar la dinámica espacial y temporal de la comunidad de aves acuáticas y rapaces en humedales. Métodos: para caracterizar las aves acuáticas y rapaces se realizaron transectos de distancia variable mensualmente durante noviembre de 2019 a febrero de 2022 humedales ubicados en la Zona Metropolitana de la Ciudad de México. Resultados: se registraron un total de 105 especies de aves. Los valores más altos de diversidad se encontraron en la Laguna de Zumpango (91 especies) y en el Lago Nabor Carrillo (91). La mayoría de estas especies son migratorias (63%), mientras que 30% son residentes, y 7% son introducidas. Se encontraron diferencias espaciales y temporales significativas (p&lt;0,05) en la composición de la comunidad de aves. Conclusión: La mayor diversidad fue en Zumpango y Nabor Carrillo, y la mayoría fueron especies migratorias

EducaFarma 9.0

Memoria ID-020 Ayudas de la Universidad de Salamanca para la innovación docente, curso 2020-2021

Educafarma 10.0

Memoria ID-030. Ayudas de la Universidad de Salamanca para la innovación docente, curso 2021-2022

CARB-ES-19 Multicenter Study of Carbapenemase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli From All Spanish Provinces Reveals Interregional Spread of High-Risk Clones Such as ST307/OXA-48 and ST512/KPC-3

ObjectivesCARB-ES-19 is a comprehensive, multicenter, nationwide study integrating whole-genome sequencing (WGS) in the surveillance of carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae (CP-Kpn) and E. coli (CP-Eco) to determine their incidence, geographical distribution, phylogeny, and resistance mechanisms in Spain.MethodsIn total, 71 hospitals, representing all 50 Spanish provinces, collected the first 10 isolates per hospital (February to May 2019); CPE isolates were first identified according to EUCAST (meropenem MIC &gt; 0.12 mg/L with immunochromatography, colorimetric tests, carbapenem inactivation, or carbapenem hydrolysis with MALDI-TOF). Prevalence and incidence were calculated according to population denominators. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the microdilution method (EUCAST). All 403 isolates collected were sequenced for high-resolution single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) typing, core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST), and resistome analysis.ResultsIn total, 377 (93.5%) CP-Kpn and 26 (6.5%) CP-Eco isolates were collected from 62 (87.3%) hospitals in 46 (92%) provinces. CP-Kpn was more prevalent in the blood (5.8%, 50/853) than in the urine (1.4%, 201/14,464). The cumulative incidence for both CP-Kpn and CP-Eco was 0.05 per 100 admitted patients. The main carbapenemase genes identified in CP-Kpn were blaOXA–48 (263/377), blaKPC–3 (62/377), blaVIM–1 (28/377), and blaNDM–1 (12/377). All isolates were susceptible to at least two antibiotics. Interregional dissemination of eight high-risk CP-Kpn clones was detected, mainly ST307/OXA-48 (16.4%), ST11/OXA-48 (16.4%), and ST512-ST258/KPC (13.8%). ST512/KPC and ST15/OXA-48 were the most frequent bacteremia-causative clones. The average number of acquired resistance genes was higher in CP-Kpn (7.9) than in CP-Eco (5.5).ConclusionThis study serves as a first step toward WGS integration in the surveillance of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales in Spain. We detected important epidemiological changes, including increased CP-Kpn and CP-Eco prevalence and incidence compared to previous studies, wide interregional dissemination, and increased dissemination of high-risk clones, such as ST307/OXA-48 and ST512/KPC-3

Polimorfismos reguladores y su participación en la patogenia de enfermedades complejas en la era posgenómica Polymorphisms in gene regulatory regions and their role in the physiopathology of complex disease in the post-genomic era

El estudio de la participación de la variación genética en la predisposición a las enfermedades complejas ha cobrado nuevas dimensiones en la era genómica. Los polimorfismos de un solo nucleótido (SNP) son el tipo de variación más común entre individuos y su vinculación con enfermedades es motivo de investigación intensa. En fecha reciente, el estudio de los SNP que afectan la expresión genética (rSNP) ha suscitado mayor interés, ya que las diferencias de la expresión genética entre un sujeto y otro pueden modificar el fenotipo. El descubrimiento y caracterización funcional de los rSNP y el estudio de su frecuencia alélica representan un nuevo campo en la búsqueda de determinantes genéticos de enfermedades multifactoriales.The genomic era is imparting a new impulse to the study of the role of genetic variation in susceptibility to disease. The most common type of genetic variation between individuals is single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). The association of SNPs with susceptibility to disease is the current focus of intense research. Recently, the study of SNPs that alter the regulatory mechanisms of gene expression (rSNP) has emerged as a promising field for understanding disease, since this type of variation can have a profound effect on human traits related to susceptibility to disease. The finding and functional characterization of biologically significant rSNPs is advancing our knowledge of genetic determinants for multifactorial disease