Evaluation of the Frequency of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococs Isolated from Nose of Nursing Personnel of Hajar Hospital of Shahrekord

Background and Objectives: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus strains, as one of the most important etiologic agents of nosocomial infections are of particular importance due to their ability to create potential cross-resistance to all beta-lactam agents. Nasal carriers in hospital staff are supposed to be the main sources of nosocomial infection. This study was conducted aiming at determining the frequency of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus strains isolated from nose of the personnel of Hadjar Hospital of Shahrekord. Methods: In this descriptive study, nose swabs were collected from 204 personnel of the Hajar hospital of Shahrekord. At first, the nasal swab specimens were cultured on mannitol salt agar (MSA) and TSB. Then, the Staphylococcus strains were isolated and identified using standard microbiological methods, including catalase, coagulase, DNase, and mannitol fermentation tests. In continue, agar screen method was used to determine the susceptibility of the isolated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus strains. The results were statistically analyzed using chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests. Results: According to the results obtained, 23 of 52 (44%) Staphylococcus aureus strains and 70 strains of 152 (46%) coagulase-negative staphylococcus strains were resistant to methicillin, using agar screen method. The highest percentage of Staphylococcus aureus carriers was isolated from the staff of infectious ward and from the experienced staff (6-10 years) of a special ward. Also, there was no significant relationship between personnel's work experience in the special ward or their workplace and being a carrier. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated that the frequency of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus strains is considerable in the personnel of Hajar Hospital. Therefore, considering the risk of its resulting epidemics in nosocomial infections among hospital's personnel, it seems necessary to detect carriers to control and prevent nosocomial infections

The prevalence and antibacterial susceptibility pattern of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) strains isolated from less than 5 years old children with diarrheal hospitalized in Shahrekord Hajar hospital -2007

زمینه و هدف: اشرشیاکلی انتروپاتوژنیک (EPEC) عامل مهم اسهال کودکان و نوزادان در کشورهای در حال توسعه می باشد. هدف از این مطالعه، بررسی سروتیپ های شایع و حساسیت ضد میکربی سویه های EPEC به عنوان عامل اسهال در کودکان زیر پنج سال بستری در بخش اطفال بیمارستان هاجر(س) شهرکرد در نیمه اول سال 1386 می باشد. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه که بصورت موردی - شاهدی انجام گرفت، 50 نمونه سواب مقعدی از کودکان زیر پنج سال که به دلیل اسهال در بخش اطفال بیمارستان هاجر(س) شهرکرد بستری شده بودند و پنجاه نمونه سواب مقعدی از کودکان غیر اسهالی که به صورت سرپایی به بخش فوریت های بیمارستان مراجعه کرده بودند، اخذ گردید. پس از کشت شناسایی سویه های EPEC توسط آنتی سرم های اختصاصی صورت گرفت. الگوی حساسیت ضد میکربی سویه های EPEC مجزا شده با استفاده از روش دیسک آگار دیفیوژن نسبت به آنتی بیوتیک های سفتریاکسون، آمپی سیلین، نالیدیکسیک اسید، سولفامتوکسازول- تری متوپریم، سفالوتین، جنتامایسین، سیپروفلوکساسین و نیتروفورانتوئین مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. داده های به دست آمده به کمک آزمون های آماری t، کای دو و رگرسیون لجستیک تجزیه و تحلیل گردید. یافته ها: سویه های EPEC از 13 (26) نمونه سواب مقعدی کودکان مبتلا به اسهال و 2 نمونه از کودکان گروه شاهد (4) جداسازی شد (05/0>P). 50 سویه های EPEC مجزا شده در این مطالعه، متعلق به سروگروپ های 44O، 125O، 126O و 128O، 33 متعلق به سروگروپ های 20O و114O و 6/16 متعلق به سروگروپ های 26O 55O و 111O بودند. سویه های مجزا شده از بیماران اسهالی حساسیت بالایی را نسبت به نیتروفورانتوئین، جنتامایسین و سیپروفلوکساسین دارا بودند. نتیجه گیری: سویه هایEPEC یکی از عوامل مهم ایجاد اسهال در کودکان زیر پنج سال بوده و می توانند به صورت بدون علامت نیز در کودکان بدون اسهال یافت شوند. پیشنهاد می شود در آزمایشگاه های تشخیص طبی روش های کشت و تعیین سروگروپ برای جداسازی EPEC در کودکان مبتلا به اسهال به طور روتین مورد استفاده قرار گیرد

Prevalence of constitutive and inducible resistance to clindamycin in staphylococci isolates from Hajar and Kashani hospitals in Shahrekord 2008

زمینه و هدف: مقاومت به کلیندامایسین در استافیلوکوک به دو صورت بنیادی و القایی است. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی شیوع مقاومت بنیادی و القائی نسبت به کلیندامایسین در سویه های استافیلوکوک جدا شده از بیماران در بیمارستان های هاجر و کاشانی شهرکرد انجام شد. روش بررسی: این تحقیق توصیفی- تحلیلی بر روی 230 ایزوله استافیلوکوک انجام شد. برای سویه های با فنوتیپ مقاوم به اریترومایسین و حساس به کلیندامایسین، تست D انجام گردید. در این تست دو دیسک اریترومایسین (15μg) و کلیندامایسین (2μg) با فاصله مراکز 15 میلی متر، بر روی پلیت قرار داده شدند. پس از انکوباسیون، وجود هاله عدم رشد به شکل D بررسی گردید. داده ها به کمک آزمون های آماری کای دو و فیشر تجزیه و تحلیل گردید. یافته ها: از بین 230 ایزوله استافیلوکوکی، 6/55 حساس به کلیندامایسین بودند و 5/37 مقاومت بنیادی و 2/5 مقاومت القایی به کلیندامایسین داشتند. میزان مقاومت بنیادی و القایی به کلیندامایسین در ایزوله های استافیلوکوک مقاوم به متی سیلین (MRSA) به ترتیب 66 و 9 و در ایزوله های حســــاس به متی سیلین (MSSA) به ترتیب 4/15 و 3/2 بود. میــــزان مقـــاومت القایی در سویه های MRSA 2/4 برابر نسبت به سویـــه های حساس بود )]9/15-1/1OR=4.2 CI95%( (05/0(

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS IN IRAN

Viruses are prominent causative agents of acute gastroenteritis in children <5 years of age per year.(1) In the present review, all viral gastroenteritis studies in Iran were assessed, and the mean prevalences of rotaviruses, noroviruses, enteric adenoviruses, sapoviruses and astroviruses associated with acute gastroenteritis were 39.9%, 6%, 5.7%, 4.2% and 2.7%, respectively. In 2 studies, human bocavirus and human parechovirus were detected in 21.8% and 23.7% of children with acute gastroenteritis, respectively

Frequency of Class 1 Integrons among Escherichia coli Isolates of Patients with Urinary Tract Infection

Background: Recent studies demonstrated an increased pattern of drug resistance in uropathogenic Escherechia coli (E. coli) which is considered as the most common cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs). Present investigation was undertaken to evaluate antibiotic resistance pattern of E. coli causing UTIs obtained from urine samples and their relationship with integron class1. Apart from that, special emphasis was given on mediated and transferable antibiotic resistance in E. coli as well as the mobilized integrons that contribute to dissemination of antibiotic resistance. Methods and Materials: Susceptibility of isolates to 12 antibiotics was tested by the Kirby -Bauser disk diffusion method. The sensitivity was monitored by zone of inhibition according to the clinical and laboratory standard institute (CLSI) guidelines. Plasmid DNA from E. coli strains was tested for class 1 integron by PCR. Results: Rate of resistance to the 12 antibiotics is as follows: Ampicillin (89.4%), Cefotaxim (31%), Ciprofloxacin (22.4%), Aztreonam (21.7%), Ceftazidim (21.1%), Ceftriaxon (20.5%), Co-trimoxazole (19.9%), Gentamicin (15.5%), Amikacin (7.5%), Cefepim (11.8%), Nitrofurantoin (6.2) and Imipenem (1.9%). Existence of integron was confirmed in 41.9% of isolates. Significant association was evaluated by PCR between resistance to Gentamicin, Amikacin, Gentamicin, Amikacin, Cefotaxim, Ceftazidim, Ceftriaxon, Aztreonam, Ciprofloxacin and Co-trimoxazole with the existence of class 1 integrons. Conclusion: Imipenem could be used as the initial therapy for E. coli in UTIs. Similar studies are essential to determine appropriate guidelines for empirical therapy which vary by location

Comparison of Real-Time PCR with Disk Diffusion, Agar Screen and E-test Methods for Detection of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a nosocomial pathogen. Our main objective was to compare oxacillin disk test, oxacillin E-test, and oxacillin agar screen for detection of methicillin resistance in S. aureus, using real-time PCR for mecA as the ``gold standard'' comparison assay. 196 S. aureus isolates were identified out of 284 Staphylococcus isolates. These isolates were screened for MRSA with several methods: disk diffusion, agar screen (6.0 mu g/ml), oxacillin E-test, and real-time PCR for detection of mecA gene. Of the 196 S. aureus isolates tested, 96 isolates (49%) were mecA-positive and 100 isolates (51%) mecA-negative. All methods tested had a statistically significant agreement with real-time PCR. E-test was 100% sensitive and specific for mecA presence. The sensitivity and specificity of oxacillin agar screen method were 98 and 99%, respectively and sensitivity and specificity of oxacillin disk diffusion method were 95 and 93%, respectively. In the present study, oxacillin E-test is proposed as the best phenotypic method. For economic reasons, the oxacillin agar screen method (6.0 mu g/ml), which is suitable for the detection of MRSA, is recommended due to its accuracy and low cost

Comparison of Agar screen and duplex-PCR methods in determination of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains isolated from nasal carriage

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains (MRSA) have become a serious health issue in engendering nosocomial infections. Due to the heterogeneity of this type of resistance, the conventional antibiotic susceptibility tests may fail to detect MRSA strains. The purpose of this research was to compare the phenotypic agar screen method with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of MRSA strains isolated from the nasal samples of hospital personnel. Totally, 52 coagulase positive S. aureus strains were isolated from nasal samples of 204 hospital personnel of Hajar Hospital affiliated to Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences. Susceptibility to oxacillin in the strains was evaluated by the phenotypic agar screen method. The presence of the methicillin resistance gene, mec A, was studied through duplex PCR method. The results of both methods were compared and the sensitivity and specificity of the methods were determined. Totally, 23 out of the 52 isolated S. aureus (44%) were phenotypically resistant to oxacillin, but 27 (52%) carried mecA gene. The sensitivity and specificity of the phenotypic agar screen method for determination of MRSA strains were found to be 81.5 and 96%, respectively. As compared to duplex PCR, oxacillin agar screen method is a simple, inexpensive, and practical phenotypic method with relatively low false positive results and thus may be suitable for verification of suspicious MRSA strains. However, for the relatively high false negative results, it may not be recommended for the primary screening of MRSA strains from the nasal samples of healthy carriers working at hospitals

The antibacterial effect of camellia sinensis extract on bacterias, conjunctivitis in vitro

زمینه و هدف: کنژنکتیویت شایع ترین بیماری چشمی جهان است که یکی از پایه های درمان آن استفاده از آنتی بیوتیک ها می باشد. با توجه به مقاومت روزافزون باکتری ها به آنتی بیوتیک های موجود و عوارض آنها و استفاده چای به عنوان التیام بخش التهاب های چشمی بر اساس یک باور قدیمی، این مطالعه با هدف بررسی اثر ضدباکتریایی عصاره چای سیاه برای درمان کنژنکتیویت چرکی انجام شده است. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه تجربی نمونه ها از چشم بیماران مبتلا به کنژنکتیویت مراجعه کننده به کلینیک چشم پزشکی شهرکرد جمع آوری و روی محیط های کشت، کشت داده شدند. سپس توسط محیط های کشت افتراقی و تست های تشخیصی از سه نوع باکتری استافیلوکوکوس اورئوس، استافیلوکوکوس اپیدرمیدیس و استرپتوکوکوس پنومونیه هر کدام 10 نمونه (جمعاً 30 نمونه) جدا شد. این نمونه ها جداگانه در روشهای pour plate با استفاده از غلظت های مختلف عصاره چای سیاه و تست آنتیتوسط دیسک های استاندارد آنتی بیوتیک شامل ونکومایسین، کلرامفنیکل، اگزاسیلین، سفازولین و سیپروفلوکساسین مورد آزمایش قرار گرفتند. داده ها به کمک آزمون های آماری کای دو، t و آنالیز واریانس تجزیه و تحلیل شد. یافته ها: نتایج به دست آمده حاصل از این مطالعه نشان داد که عصاره چای سیاه بر روی رشد باکتری های جدا شده اثر مهاری وابستـــه به دوز دارد (05/0P) و در دیسک های غلظت mg/ml 100 بیشتر از دیسک های آنتی بیوتیک مورد مطالعه بود (05/0

Evaluation the cytotoxic effect of cytotoxin-producing Klebsiella oxytoca isolates on the HEp-2 cell line by MTT assay

Background: The cytotoxic effects on epithelial cells of the human are not observed in other strains of Klebsiella spp and are only observed in K. oxytoca strains. MTT assay was used to evaluate cytotoxic activity. In this study, colorimetric method was used to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of cytotoxin-producing isolates on Hep-2 cell line and determines the percentage of surviving cells. Materials and methods: In this study, we collected a total of 75 K. oxytoca strains isolate and we detected the production of toxins and their cytotoxic effects on HEp-2 cells. Colorimetric method such as MTT assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of cytotoxin-producing isolates on Hep-2 cell line and determines the percentage of surviving cells. Results: Nine isolates had cytotoxic effects on HEp-2 cells. The results of MTT assay showed that the isolated strains were different from the control stain in terms of toxinogenicity and cytotoxic effects on HEp-2 cells at the studied dilutions (1:3, 1:6, 1:12, 1:24, 1:48, and 1:96). Conclusions: In the current study, Percentage of Hep-2 surviving cells exposed to 1:3, 1:6, 1:12, 1:24, 1:48, and 1:96 supernatant dilutions of cytotoxin-producing Klebsiella oxytoca isolates was different

Comparison of agar screen and duplex-PCR in determination of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains isolated from nose of personnel in Hajar hospital of Shahre-kord, 2007

Introduction: Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus strains are the most important agents of nosocomial infections. The conventional antibiotic susceptibility methods such as disk diffusion are not suitable for detection of these strains due to their heteroresistancy. Therefore, in this study, agar screen and duplex-PCR were compared in determination of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains isolated from nose of personnel in Hajar hospital of Shahre-kord, 2007. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study a total of 204 nasal swabs from personnel of Hajar hospital over a period of 6 months were collected. The specimens were cultured on mannitol salt agar for primary isolation and identification of Staphylococcus aureus strains and their susceptibility pattern to oxacillin was assessed using agar screen method. Finally, using duplex PCR, the isolates were tested for the presence of mecA gene. Results were compared and sensitivity and specificity of the method was determined. Results: In this study, 23 of the 52 (44%) Staphylococcus aureus isolates were resistant to oxacillin using agar screen method. However, mecA gene was detected in 27 of the 52 strains (52%). Our results showed that the sensitivity and specificity of agar screen method in determination of MRSA strains were 81.5% and 96%, respectively comparing with PCR. Conclusion: Oxacillin agar screen, comparing PCR, is an inexpensive, applied and phenotypical method with low false positive and suitable for screening of MRSA. However, due to its relatively high false negative results is not appropriate for screening of MRSA strains isolated from hospital-employed nasal carriers