Aplicación de los principios de economía circular a un proceso de fabricación de papel

Treballs Finals de Màster d'Enginyeria Química, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona. Curs: 2022-2023. Tutora: Maria Alicia CardeteThis work is based on the importance of water consumption by paper industries. It has been known by media and physical results which can be observed that it is present a water-stressed in our country. Physically it can be seen that some river levels have reduced their capacity over the last years and MITECO (2022) provides information to quantify the capacity of the global Spanish water reserve which is about an 39,2%. Therefore, it has been studied the water consumption and wastewater that is removed from a wrapping manufacturing process, presented as a case study. Hence, the objective of this work is to apply novel technologies to a wrapping paper manufacturing process in order to reduce the water consumption by the implementation of circular economy principals. This objective will be accomplished by four milestones. First a paper manufacturing process will be defined and represented, secondly water consumers, quantities and qualities will be identified, thirdly wastewater streams, quantities and qualities will be identified and finally it will be presented a wastewater treatment and regeneration operations which the goal of reuse this kind of water in the paper process. The selected wrapping manufacturing process is based on three processes, which are: recycle pulp, wood pulp and papermaking processes. The raw material to produce paper is pulp which will be conform by a 70% or recycled pulp, being the rest from wood. Water is required to different points of the case study presented as demineralized water with high quality, the amount is approximately 12,2m3 of water per paper tonne produced. The principal characteristic of demineralized water is the lower presence of minerals and salts dissolved thus, TDS and TSS should have reduced levels (Vogelzang, 2007 % Real Decreto 1960/2700) in order to have a conductivity less than 1μs/cm (The Distillate Water Company), and the principal bacteria escherichia coli should not be present (Real Decreto 1960/2700. While wastewater represents 10,7m3 per paper tonne being collected from the papermaking process. This kind of water has high amount of organic matter, being the main source wood fibres and/or lignin derivates and hemicelluloses, which is measured by COD and BOD while it has lower impurities of TDS and TSS (Dagar, 2022). Therefore, wastewater is the major concern in this case study in order to have a circular process. Thus, it has been suggested a process to obtain demineralized water from wastewater for a recirculation system. To reach the mentioned process demineralized water treatment will be studied having as input the raw water, supplied by a river Wastewater treatment follows the three phases of a typical WWTP, it will be treated by a clarifier, then by a novel technology, the MBBR system followed by the MF and finally a chlorination. While the demineralized treatment has more operations starting from the chlorination, sand filtration, MF and RO, membrane degasification and finally the mixed bed resin. The RO is a system that can remove a 98% of major contaminants (Advanced Water Filters) mentioned while the MBBR system can remove with a high efficiency the biological matter (Veolia, 2022). The MF system is presented in both treatments allowing to optimize the whole water process. This is possible because it has been found that once the treated water leaves the MBBR system will have lower levels of TSS, COD and BOD, being suitable for the MF system of the demineralized treatment. Furthermore, the residual chlorine will remove the biological matter from the wastewater treatment. By the other side, the wastewater produced in the mixed bed resin in the demineralized treatment is introduced into the MBBR system of the wastewater treatment as the TDS and TSS is assumed to be lower at that point, allowing to avoid the clarifier of the wastewater treatment. Thus, as the main process of paper is based on a recycled one, the wastewater volume will be less than a conventional process. Moreover, the exact number of the reused water has not been possible to know as the information of suppliers and industries is highly confidential. Because of that this work is based on a conceptual manner. Furthermore, the suggested water process can be applied to any paper industry because the main processes are always present, with some variations, and also it can be applied to other non-paper industries that consumes high volumes of water

Desarrollo de una gama de pintalabios y su proceso de fabricación

Treballs Finals de Grau d'Enginyeria Química, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Curs: 2019-2020, Tutora: Alicia Maestro GarrigaThe development of a formulated product is based on the needs of the consumers that have been found by a search and in a transformation of these into a commercial product. This work has been done to develop three cosmetics products, a lip balm with sun protection, a solid lipstick and a fluid lipstick, these last two with colour pigment. These kinds of cosmetics have been and are nowadays very important to people. The three products are destinated as decorative for skin lips, because of that to have a well-looking appearance people used them. The sun protection lip balm consists on moisturize lips and at the same time protect them again UVA and UVB radiation from the sun and from extreme cold weather, which also can burn the skin. The other two products, the solid and fluid lipstick have functions as creamy, long lasting wearing and obviously they colour lips with red pigment. The big difference between the last two, is that they have different consistencies, but all of them are suspensions. It has been proposed three formulations with its required quantity of each ingredient and to make easier the manufacturing process they have many ingredients in common. To ensure that the three products will be a successful some quality factors must be achieved. These factors have been proposed based on the search made about the needs of consumers. As the three cosmetics have differences between them these factors will be different on some points and the same in others, like all of them must be creamy but the effectiveness of the sun protection will be done only on the lip balm. The manufacturing process has been carried out with a production by batches of 400 kg of the lip balm with sun protection and of the solid lipstick while the fluid lipstick will be done by batches of 800 kg. Three batches of each product will be finished at the end of each month. Moreover, to make this process, different flowsheets have been proposed and equipment units have been selected for each product, explaining each operation that will be done. Furthermore, some of these equipment units can do different operations because they are machine lines with different zones of working processe

Diferencia entre género y desarrollo puberal sobre la incidencia del consumo de oxígeno en la composición corporal y la distribución del tejido adiposo en deportistas pertenecientes a los grupos "CER" del Centro de Entrenamiento Olímpico

Tesis (Profesor de Educación Física para la Enseñanza Básica, Licenciado en Educación)Objetivo general. Determinar diferencia entre género y desarrollo puberal, sobre la incidencia del consumo de oxígeno en la composición corporal y la distribución del tejido adiposo, en deportistas pertenecientes a los grupos "CER" del centro de entrenamiento olímpico

Comprehensive Evaluation of the Bioactive Composition and Neuroprotective and Antimicrobial Properties of Vacuum-Dried Broccoli (<i>Brassica oleracea</i> var. <i>italica</i>) Powder and Its Antioxidants

In this study, vacuum drying (VD) was employed as an approach to protect the bioactive components of and produce dried broccoli powders with a high biological activity. To achieve these goals, the effects of temperature (at the five levels of 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90 °C) and constant vacuum pressure (10 kPa) were evaluated. The results show that, with the increasing temperature, the drying time decreased. Based on the statistical tests, the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) model was found to fit well to sorption isotherms, whereas the Midilli and Kucuk model fit well to the drying kinetics. VD has a significant impact on several proximate composition values. As compared with the fresh sample, VD significantly reduced the total phenol, flavonoid and glucosinolate contents. However, it was shown that VD at higher temperatures (80 and 90 °C) contributed to a better antioxidant potential of broccoli powder. In contrast, 50 °C led to a better antimicrobial and neuroprotective effects, presumably due to the formation of isothiocyanate (ITC). Overall, this study demonstrates that VD is a promising technique for the development of extracts from broccoli powders that could be used as natural preservatives or as a neuroprotective agent

Cardiac function in critically ill patients with severe COVID: A prospective cross-sectional study in mechanically ventilated patients

Purpose: To evaluate cardiac function in mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19. Materials and methods: Prospective, cross-sectional multicenter study in four university-affiliated hospitals in Chile. All consecutive patients with COVID-19 ARDS requiring mechanical ventilation admitted between April and July 2020 were included. We performed systematic transthoracic echocardiography assessing right and left ventricular function within 24 h of intubation. Results: 140 patients aged 57 ± 11, 29% female were included. Cardiac output was 5.1 L/min [IQR 4.5–6.2] and 86% of the patients required norepinephrine. ICU mortality was 29% (40 patients). Fifty-four patients (39%) exhibited right ventricle dilation out of whom 20 patients (14%) exhibited acute cor pulmonale (ACP). Eight out of the twenty patients with ACP exhibited pulmonary embolism (40%). Thirteen patients (9%) exhibited left ventricular systolic dysfunction (ejection fraction <45%). In the multivariate analysis acute cor pulmonale and PaO2/FiO2 ratio were independent predictors of ICU mortality. Conclusions: Right ventricular dilation is highly prevalent in mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS. Acute cor pulmonale was associated with reduced pulmonary function and, in only 40% of patients, with co-existing pulmonary embolism. Acute cor pulmonale is an independent risk factor for ICU mortality