Adaptive responses of outer membrane porin balance of Yersinia ruckeri under different incubation temperature, osmolarity, and oxygen availability

The capability of Yersinia ruckeri to survive in the aquatic systems reflects its adaptation (most importantly through the alteration of membrane permeability) to the unfavorable environments. The nonspecific porins are a key factor contributing to the permeability. Here we studied the influence of the stimuli, such as temperature, osmolarity, and oxygen availability on regulation of Y.ruckeri porins. Using qRT-PCR and SDS-PAGE methods we found that major porins are tightly controlled by temperature. Hyperosmosis did not repress OmpF production. The limitation of oxygen availability led to decreased expression of both major porins and increased transcription of the minor porin OmpY. Regulation of the porin balance in Y.ruckeri, in spite of some similarities, diverges from that system in Escherichia coli. The changes in porin regulation can be adapted in Y.ruckeri in a species-specific manner determined by its aquatic habitats

Dependence of evaporation losses on petrol quality

The paper deals with the interrelation between evaporation losses and automobile petrol quality and presents the results of research on modern petrol. It has been established that evaporation leads to an increase in heavy hydrocarbon concentration in petrol composition adversely affecting its quality and operational properties at the excess of permissible concentration. First published online: 10 Feb 201

Modelling effects of phytobiotic administration on coherent responses to Salmonella infection in laying hens

Practice of layer poultry farming and commercial egg production relies on the optimal use and improvement of the welfare and genetically determined functional abilities of laying hens, their efficient intake of feed and its components, adaptation to housing conditions and resistance to infectious diseases including salmonellosis. Previous studies were focussed on relationships of chicken performance and resistance with the expression profiles of individual genes involved in metabolic processes and immune system, or with genetic markers that can be closely associated with these processes in chickens. In this study, mathematical models of coherent changes in laying hens were developed for the expression of eight genes involved in immunity and metabolism, on the one hand, and biochemical and immunological blood parameters, on the other hand, in response to Salmonella infection and administration of a phytobiotic Intebio. The proposed modelling approach can be a further basis for an in-depth research of the relationship between the gene expression, functional state and welfare of poultry, impact of pathogenic microorganisms and use of immunomodulatory drugs

Examination of the expression of immunity genes and bacterial profiles in the caecum of growing chickens infected with Salmonella Enteritidis and fed a phytobiotic

This study was performed to investigate the differential expression of eight immunity genes and the bacterial profiles in the caecum of growing chickens challenged with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) at 1 and 23 days post inoculation (dpi) in response to SE infection at 19 days of age and administration of the phytobiotic Intebio. Following infection, the genes CASP6 and IRF7 were upregulated by greater than twofold. Chicks fed Intebio showed at 1 dpi upregulation of AvBD10, IL6, IL8L2, CASP6 and IRF7. At 23 dpi, expression of AvBD11, IL6, IL8L2, CASP6 and IRF7 lowered in the experiment subgroups as compared with the control. Examination of the caecal contents at 1 dpi demonstrated a significant decrease in the microbial biodiversity in the infected subgroup fed normal diet. Bacterial content of Lactobacillus and Bacillus declined, while that of Enterobacteriaceae rose. In the infected subgroup fed Intebio, a pronounced change in composition of the microflora was not observed. In the early infection stages, the phytobiotic seemed to promote response to infection. Subsequently, an earlier suppression of the inflammatory reaction took place in chickens fed Intebio. Thus, use of Intebio as a drug with phytobiotic activity in chickens, including those infected with Salmonella, proved to be promising

Effects of essential oils-based supplement and Salmonella infection on gene expression, blood parameters, cecal microbiome and egg production in laying hens

Simple Summary Salmonellosis is one of the most severe zoonotic diseases transmitted to humans through animal products (especially poultry meat and eggs). Essential oils (EOs)-based feed additives in poultry nutrition are a possible alternative replacement of antimicrobials to fight this infection. In the present study on laying hens, we tested a phytobiotic, Intebio®, and elucidated formation of immune response and changes in cecal microbiocenosis and biochemical/immunological variables in blood caused by Salmonella. Changes in differential gene expression were observed at both one and seven days post-inoculation in the hens’ intestines, revealing similarities with known mammalian/human tissue-specific expression. The results of this study suggest that the challenge of birds with Salmonella had a negative effect, while phytobiotic intake had a positive effect on the status of their gastrointestinal microbiome, their level of metabolism, and their performance. Abstract One of the main roles in poultry resistance to infections caused by Salmonella is attributed to host immunity and intestinal microbiota. We conducted an experiment that involved challenging Lohmann White laying hens with Salmonella Enteritidis (SE), feeding them a diet supplemented with an EOs-based phytobiotic Intebio®. At 1 and 7 days post-inoculation, the expression profiles of eight genes related to immunity, transport of nutrients in the intestine, and metabolism were examined. Cecal microbiome composition and blood biochemical/immunological indices were also explored and egg production traits recorded. As a result, the SE challenge of laying hens and Intebio® administration had either a suppressive or activating effect on the expression level of the studied genes (e.g., IL6 and BPIFB3), the latter echoing mammalian/human tissue-specific expression. There were also effects of the pathogen challenge and phytobiotic intake on the cecal microbiome profiles and blood biochemical/immunological parameters, including those reflecting the activity of the birds’ immune systems (e.g., serum bactericidal activity, β-lysine content, and immunoglobulin levels). Significant differences between control and experimental subgroups in egg performance traits (i.e., egg weight/number/mass) were also found. The phytobiotic administration suggested a positive effect on the welfare and productivity of poultry

[Mathematical assessment of BAC-based interspecies hybridization data in the process of genomic mapping in the white-throated sparrow as an avian behavioral model] Математическая оценка данных межвидовой БАК-гибридизации в процессе геномного картирования у белошейной зонотрихии как модели поведения птиц

The white-throated sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis) known for its morphological, behavioral and chromosomal polymorphisms represents a quite new model system to study genomic mechanisms underlying variable behavioral repertoire interwoven with population biology, reproduction and adaptation in this species. It was previously shown that these polymorphisms could be due to chromosomal rearrangements (inversions) on sparrow chromosome 2 (ZAL2) that is characterized by a heterogeneity in two distinct morphs, tan (ZAL2/ZAL2) and white (ZAL2/ZAL2m). To construct a comparative genomic map of ZAL2 and other chromosomes, we used a sparrow genomic BAC library, CHORI-264. Following a cross-species overgo hybridization approach, we screened the library and developed a first-generation BAC-based comparative physical map using the chicken and zebra finch reference genomes. The map includes 640 BAC-gene assignments for 77 loci and serves for further refining the genomic regions and identifying candidate genes that are affected by rearrangements and contribute to the observed behavioral polymorphisms. Mathematical assessment of the BAC-based hybridization data was undertaken to show evolutionary relationships of avian genomes. В настоящей работе представлена математическая оценка межвидовой БАК-гибридизации в процессе геномного картирования у белошейной зонотрихии – вида воробьев, рассматриваемого в качестве удобной модели поведения птиц

Investigating adverse effects of chronic dietary exposure to herbicide glyphosate on zootechnical characteristics and clinical, biochemical and immunological blood parameters in broiler chickens

Although the herbicide glyphosate is widely used globally and considered safe, more evidence of its adverse effects on animals and humans is accumulating. The present investigation was aimed at evaluating the impact of different glyphosate concentrations on zootechnical characteristics and clinical, biochemical and immunological blood parameters in Ross 308 broiler chickens. Four groups were employed, including untreated control and three experimental groups fed diets enriched with glyphosate at doses of 10, 20 and 100 ppm that conformed to 0.5, 1 and 5 maximum residue limits, respectively. The results showed that glyphosate is a stress factor triggering a multifaceted effect on important blood parameters (e.g., white blood cell and phagocytic counts), which was shown for the first time in the experiments involving productive meat-type poultry. It was first revealed that glyphosate-induced changes in blood parameters may be related to a negative impact on the zootechnical characteristics including the digestive tract organ development and body weight gain. The study findings suggested that exposure to glyphosate in the feedstuffs can adversely affect the physiological condition and productivity of broilers

[Guidelines for the use of a feed additive tested in an industrial environment on highly productive commercial laying hens] Методические рекомендации по использованию кормовой добавки, прошедшей испытания в промышленных условиях на высокопродуктивных промышленных курах-несушках

Methodological recommendations were developed within the framework of the Grant Agreement No. 14.W03.31.0013 dated February 20, 2017 as part of the implementation of the Russian Federation Government Resolution No. 220 dated April 9, 2010 on the topic Development of modern biotechnologies for assessing gene expression in connection with productivity and resistance to diseases in poultry farming. Methodical recommendations are intended for specialists and managers of poultry farms, farmers, researchers, teachers, graduate students and students of agricultural universities, students of the advanced training system. Методические рекомендации разработаны в рамках Договора о выделении гранта № 14.W03.31.0013 от 20 февраля 2017 г. в рамках реализации постановления Правительства Российской Федерации от 9 апреля 2010 г. № 220 по теме  Разработка современных биотехнологий для оценки экспрессии генов в связи с продуктивностью и устойчивостью к заболеваниям в птицеводстве. Методические рекомендации предназначены для специалистов и руководителей птицеводческих хозяйств, фермеров, научных работников, преподавателей, аспирантов и студентов сельскохозяйственных вузов, слушателей системы повышения квалификации

[Determination of intestinal microbiocenoses of chickens of the Hisex breed by the T-RFLP method in ontogenesis] Определение микробиоценозов кишечника кур породы «Хайсекс» методом T-RFLP в онтогенезе

Организаторы: Сибирское отделение Российской академии наук; Институт химической биологии и фундаментальной медицины Лаптев Г.Ю., Ильина Л.А., Никонов И.Н., Кочиш И.И., Романов М.Н., Смоленский В.И., Панин А.Н., Йылдырым Е.А., Новикова Н.И., Филиппова В.А., Дубровин А.В. Цель работы: выявление структуры и таксономического состава микроорганизмов слепых отростков ЖКТ кур породы «Хайсекс» в онтогенезе с применением комплекса молекулярно-генетических методов. Исследования состава бактериального сообщества слепых отростков кишечника 40-, 155- и 315-суточных кур-несушек (по 3 из каждой группы) проводили молекулярно-генетическими методами (Т-RFLP и ПЦР в реальном времени). У исследуемой птицы в онтогенезе происходило развитие микробного сообщества ЖКТ, изменение содержания и появление новых микроорганизмов. Отмечено, что спектр выявляемых бактерий был выше у 40- и 155-суточной птицы (221 11 и 258 9 филотипов соответственно) по сравнению с 315-суточными курами-несушками (178 8 филотипов). Также у 315-суточной птицы выявлено наименьшее содержание неидентифицированных филотипов. В слепых отростках ЖКТ взрослой птицы выявлено изменение доминирующих таксономических групп микроорганизмов - более высокая доля бактерий кислот-утилизирующих бактерий класса Negativicutes, целлюлозолитиков класса Clostridia. Обратная тенденция наблюдалась в отношении бактерий классов Bifidobacteriales, Bacillales. Большее содержание лактобактерий порядка Lactobacillales наблюдалась у 315-суточных кур-несушек (33,15 1,05%) по сравнению с 40- (5,13 0,23%) и 155-суточной (24,58 0,86%) птицей. Разнообразие и количество бактерий в слепых отростков ЖКТ, которых традиционно относят к возбудителям различных заболеваний птицы, из родов Enterobacter, Pantoea, Listeria, Acinetobacter, Mycoplasma, семейств Campylobacteraceae, Pasteurellaceae, филума Fusobacteria увеличивается с возрастом птицы. Таким образом, в ходе молекулярно-генетических исследований был определен видовой состав микробиоценозов слепых отростков ЖКТ кур яичной породы «Хайсекс» в онтогенезе. Исследования выполнены при поддержке Министерства образования и науки Российской Федерации, Договор № 14.W03.31.0013 от 20.02.2017 г