Design and operation of the air-cooled beam dump for the extraction line of CERN's Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB)

A new beam dump has been designed, built, installed and operated to withstand the future proton beam extracted from the Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB) in the framework of the LHC Injector Upgrade (LIU) Project at CERN, consisting of up to 1E14 protons per pulse at 2 GeV, foreseen after the machine upgrades planned for CERN's Long Shutdown 2 (2019-2020). In order to be able to efficiently dissipate the heat deposited by the primary beam, the new dump was designed as a cylindrical block assembly, made out of a copper alloy and cooled by forced airflow. In order to determine the energy density distribution deposited by the beam in the dump, Monte Carlo simulations were performed using the FLUKA code, and thermo-mechanical analyses were carried out by importing the energy density into ANSYS. In addition, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations of the airflow were performed in order to accurately estimate the heat transfer convection coefficient on the surface of the dump. This paper describes the design process, highlights the constraints and challenges of integrating a new dump for increased beam power into the existing facility and provides data on the operation of the dump

Health Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements, Persistence of NDL\u2011PCB, PAHs, and Microplastics in the Translocated Edible Freshwater Sinotaia quadrata (Gasteropoda, Viviparidae): A Case Study from the Arno River Basin (Central Italy)

With this study we investigated the accumulation of potentially toxic elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn), six indicators (28, 52, 101, 138, 153, 180) of non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (\u3a36 NDL-PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and microplastics in S. quadrata (edible part) collected from two sampling sites (1 and 2) from the Arno River Basin (Central Italy). A risk assessment of the implications for human health was also performed. Levels of potentially toxic elements in gastropods from site 2 were slightly higher and the \u3a36 NDL-PCB concentration was signifcantly higher (7.32 ng g 121 vs. 3.07 ng g 121) compared to site 1 due to higher anthropogenic pressures. The concentration of chrysene, benzo[b]fuoranthene, and benzo(a)pyrene was below the limit of quantifcation (0.5 \u3bcg kg 121). Benzo[a]anthracene was detected in gastropods from both sites (0.5\ub10.02 \u3bcg kg 121 and 0.7\ub10.02 \u3bcg kg 121 from site 1 and 2, respectively). The microplastics frequency (mainly polyethylene terephthalate) difered signifcantly between the sites (site 1, 0.8\ub11.30; site 2, 1\ub10.37 items/specimen). All contaminant levels were compliant with international regulatory limits and guidelines. Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) values for As, Cd, Cr, and Pb were far below the safety values of 1 7 10\u20134. Similarly, the ILCR values from the Monte Carlo simulation model were all within the safety region of 1 7 10\u20134 and 1 7 10\u20136. Findings from the health risk assessment indicated no adverse efects for human health from any of the contaminants analysed here, except for microplastics for which no limits or legislation are currently in force

Correction: Occurrence of harmful algal species and shellfish toxicity in Sardinia (Italy)

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