Processual features of cases consideration in prize courts (on the example of the prize courts during the Russian-Japanese War of 1904-1905)

The article discusses the formation, operation and special features of the prize courts, which were created by the warring states in their ports, for checking the legality of seizure of foreign vessels by its naval ships, made on the basis of prize law. The prize law is the set of standards, which is used by the prize courts for rendering the decisions. Prize law was developed no earlier than at the end of the XIII century. Since the end of the XV century, international treaties have begun to deal with the prize law, requiring from the warring sides speedy and fair judgments, setting a period for the decision of the case and reserving the right for appeal for neutral sides. The second half of the XVI century, XVII and XVIII century were marked by persisting and fascinating struggle between the warring and neutral sides, the last won, forcing the belligerent to recognize the freedom of enemy's goods under a neutral flag and to refuse from any extension of the concepts of blockade and contraband. The prize law of the Russian Empire in XIX - early XX century is the subject of separate analysis. Its development and systematic use took place on a ground of Russian-Japanese War of 1904-1905. There are examples of cases, considered by the Supreme Prize Court

Development typology for retail networks in the Russian Federation

© 2015, Mediterranean Center of Social and Educational Research. All rights reserved. Under the prevailing economic conditions, retail networks preset the thrust for the development of the trade sector in the Russian Federation. The retail networks develop according to two development types: extensive and intensive. Due to greater concentration of chain retailing, methods of intensive development, such as innovations, become actual in regions of. A timely evaluation of the intensive development of retail networks enables estimation of strategic prospects of their development

Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in goats, cats and humans in Russia

© 2017 Elsevier B.V. Toxoplasmosis, a most common zoonosis, is caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. However, there is little epidemiological information on T. gondii infections in humans and livestock animals in Russia. Therefore, in this study, the seroprevalence of T. gondii in goats in Russia was investigated. A total of 216 goats from 32 farms were investigated and 95 of them were seropositive for T. gondii. The difference in seroprevalence between the examined regions was not statistically significant. We next collected serum samples from 99 cats and 181 humans in Kazan city, the state capital of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia, and examined their T. gondii seroprevalences. Thirty-nine of the 99 cat samples and 56 of the 181 human samples showed seropositivity. Logistical regression analysis revealed that the cat breeding history of the human subjects, but not their sex or age is a significant risk factor for T. gondii seropositivity. These findings suggest that the natural environment in Russia may be widely polluted with T. gondii oocysts shed by cats, and ingestion of these oocysts provides a major route for human infection with this parasite

Temporal coding at the immature depolarizing gabaergic synapse

In the developing hippocampus, GABA exerts depolarizing and excitatory actions and contributes to the generation of neuronal network driven giant depolarizing potentials (GDPs). Here, we studied spike time coding at immature GABAergic synapses and its impact on synchronization of the neuronal network during GDPs in the neonatal (postnatal days P2-6) rat hippocampal slices. Using extracellular recordings, we found that the delays of action potentials (APs) evoked by synaptic activation of GABA(A) receptors are long (mean, 65 ms) and variable (within a time window of 10-200 ms). During patch-clamp recordings, depolarizing GABAergic responses were mainly subthreshold and their amplification by persistent sodium conductance was required to trigger APs. AP delays at GABAergic synapses shortened and their variability reduced with an increase in intracellular chloride concentration during whole-cell recordings. Negative shift of the GABA reversal potential (EGABA) with low concentrations of bumetanide, or potentiation of GABA(A) receptors with diazepam reduced GDPs amplitude, desynchronized neuronal firing during GDPs and slowed down GDPs propagation. Partial blockade of GABA(A) receptors with bicuculline increased neuronal synchronization and accelerated GDPs propagation. We propose that spike timing at depolarizing GABA synapses is determined by intracellular chloride concentration. At physiological levels of intracellular chloride GABAergic depolarization does not reach the action potential threshold and amplification of GABAergic responses by non-inactivating sodium conductance is required for postsynaptic AP initiation. Slow and variable excitation at GABAergic synapse determines the level of neuronal synchrony and the rate of GDPs propagation in the developing hippocampus. © 2010 Valeeva, Abdullin, Tyzio, Skorinkin, Nikolski, Ben-Ari and Khazipov

Hybrid nanoparticles based on sulfides, oxides, and carbides

The methods for synthesis of hybrid nanoparticles based on sulfides, oxides, and carbides of heavy and transition metals were considered. The problem of the influence of the method of synthesis of the hybrid nanoparticles on their atomic structure, morphology of the nanomaterials, and functional properties was analyzed. The areas of practical use of the hybrid nanoparticles were proposed. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York

Онлайн-курс по первой помощи при критических состояниях на международной платформе ˝Coursera˝

The pandemic of the novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) has had an enormous impact on the education system. Higher educational institutions were forced to adapt to remote interaction with students and urgently switch to online learning. Currently, there are many educational platforms, among which one of the leading is the Californian Coursera service. In 2020, Kazan Federal University developed and published the first Coursera course on first aid — “Staying Alive! First Aid in Emergency”. The purpose of the current study was to demonstrate the course results in one calendar year. We analyzed the general indicators of Coursera — the global online learning platform. We reviewed the course indicators from December 21, 2020, to December 21, 2021. The research assesses the advantages and disadvantages of using online courses in the medical education system. It was concluded that massive open online courses effectively teach theoretical disciplines. In case of implementation of applied courses, it is necessary to search and introduce new approaches for practical skill development.Пандемия новой коронавирусной инфекции COVID-19 оказала чрезвычайное влияние на систему образования. Высшие учебные заведения были вынуждены адаптироваться к удаленному взаимодействию с обучающимися и в ургентном порядке перейти на систему онлайн-обучения. В настоящее время функционирует множество образовательных платформ, среди которых одним из ведущих является калифорнийский сервис ˝Сoursera˝. В 2020 году Казанский федеральный университет разработал и опубликовал первый на ˝Сoursera˝ курс на тему оказания первой помощи пострадавшим — ˝Staying Alive! First Aid in Emergency˝ (Остаться в живых! Первая помощь в неотложной ситуации). Целью данного исследования явилась демонстрация результатов реализации курса за один календарный год. Проанализированы общие показатели международной платформы онлайн-образования ˝Сoursera˝. Проведен аналитический обзор показателей курса за период с 21 декабря 2020 по 21 декабря 2021 года. Дана оценка преимуществам и недостаткам использования онлайн-курсов в системе медицинского образования. Сделан вывод о том, что массовые открытые онлайн-курсы достаточно эффективны при преподавании теоретических дисциплин. В случае реализации прикладных курсов необходим поиск и внедрение новых подходов для освоения обучающимися практических навыков

Prognostic significance of diagnostic methods of the placental failure and fetus condition

The aim of the study is the assessment of prognostic significance of different diagnostic methods of placental failure to select the best diagnostic algorithm. 500 pregnant women undergoing prospectic randomized research in dynamics of third trimester of pregnancy. All women underwent ultrasonic investigation, Doppler ultrasonography, computed tomography, determination of the contents of Lymphocytes with phenotype CD 95+, FNOa, FRP, PAP in peripheric blood to assess the placental failure. Retrospectively, diagnostic tests of clinical epidemiology were used to calculate specificity, sensitivity and prognostic significance of positive and negative results, diagnostic accuracy of diagnostic methods of placental failure in view of histological verification of the diagnosis of placental failure and morphological and functional condition of the newborns. Results of the study demonstrate that using instrumental diagnostic methods, which are routine in inspection of pregnant women in third trimester of pregnancy (ultrasonic investigation, Doppler ultrasonography, computed tomography) with addition of determination of the contents of Lymphocytes with phenotype CD 95+, FNOa, FRP, PAP in peripheric blood, or just one of apoptosis marker can lead the most exact diagnostics of placental failure and its gravity degree and also its basis clinical exhibiting, among them inflammatory diseases of patrimonial paths and chronic fetus hypoxia.Целью исследования явилась оценка прогностической значимости различных методов диагностики плацентарной недостаточности для выбора оптимальной диагностической комбинации. Проспективно в ходе рандомизированного исследования в динамике третьего триместра беременности было обследовано 500 беременных женщин, которым с целью выявления плацентарной недостаточности и оценки степени ее тяжести проводилось УЗИ, УЗДГ, КТГ, определение содержания в периферической крови лимфоцитов с фенотипом СД 95+, ФНОа, ФРП, ПЩФ. Ретроспективно, с учетом гистологической верификации диагноза плацентарной недостаточности и морфофункционального состояния новорожденных, были использованы диагностические тесты клинической эпидемиологии для расчета чувствительности, специфичности, предсказательной ценности положительного и отрицательного результатов, диагностической точности методов диагностики плацентарной недостаточности. Результаты исследования показали, что для наиболее точной диагностики плацентарной недостаточности и степени ее тяжести, а также ее основных клинических проявлений — ВЗРП и хронической гипоксии плода — следует использовать инструментальные методы диагностики, входящие в стандарт обследования беременной женщины в III триместре (УЗИ, УЗДГ, КТГ), которые необходимо дополнять динамической оценкой содержания в периферической крови лимфоцитов с фенотипом СД95+, ФНОа, ФРП или хотя бы одним из маркеров апоптоза

Global trends in milk quality: implications for the Irish dairy industry

The quality of Irish agricultural product will become increasingly important with the ongoing liberalisation of international trade. This paper presents a review of the global and Irish dairy industries; considers the impact of milk quality on farm profitability, food processing and human health, examines global trends in quality; and explores several models that are successfully being used to tackle milk quality concerns. There is a growing global demand for dairy products, fuelled in part by growing consumer wealth in developing countries. Global dairy trade represents only 6.2% of global production and demand currently outstrips supply. Although the Irish dairy industry is small by global standards, approximately 85% of annual production is exported annually. It is also the world's largest producer of powdered infant formula. Milk quality has an impact on human health, milk processing and on-farm profitability. Somatic cell count (SCC) is a key measure of milk quality, with a SCC not exceeding 400,000 cells/ml (the EU milk quality standard) generally accepted as the international export standard. There have been ongoing improvements in milk quality among both established and emerging international suppliers. A number of countries have developed successful industry-led models to tackle milk quality concerns. Based on international experiences, it is likely that problems with effective translation of knowledge to practice, rather than incomplete knowledge per se, are the more important constraints to national progress towards improved milk quality

Diabetes mellitus type 1 in adults

Public organization “Russian Association of Endocrinologists”. Clinical guidlines