Problems and Prospects of Human Development (the Example of the Baikal region)

Статья посвящена проблемам развития человеческого потенциала Байкальского региона. Произведен анализ демографических и социально-экономических показателей, характеризующих основные компоненты человеческого потенциала, с целью определения проблем и возможностей его развития. Информационной базой исследования послужили официальные статистические данные Федеральной службы государственной статистики за 2005–2020 гг. При написании данной работы были использованы эмпирические и теоретические методы исследования, метод сравнения и статистической обработки.The article examines the problems of human development in the Baikal region. The analysis of demographic and socio-economic indicators characterising the main components of human potential was performed in order to identify problems and opportunities for its development. The information base of the study was the official statistical data of the Federal State Statistics Service for 2005-2020. Empirical and theoretical research methods, as well as the method of comparison and statistical processing were utilised.Исследование выполнено за счет средств государственного задания (№ госрегистрации темы АААА-А21-121012190019-9)

MORPHOFUNCTIONAL FEATURES OF VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS IN PATIENTS WITH POSTINFARCTION CARDIOSCLEROSIS AND ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION, DEPENDING ON THE AFFECTED CORONARY REGION

Acute and chronic perfusion disorders, the presence of hypertension are among the main risk factors for the development of electrical instability of the myocardium, in particular ventricular arrhythmias (VA), the progressive course of which increases the risk of sudden cardiac death. Changes in a number of electro- and echocardiographic indicators are recommended to be considered as predictors of the development of life-threatening arrhythmias. Purpose of the study was to study VA features, myocardial remodeling processed and lipid metabolism in patients with arterial hypertension (AH) and myocardial infarction, depending on the affected coronary region. Material and methods. The study involved 50 patients 40–80 years old with post-infarction cardiosclerosis, AH, ventricular arrhythmias episodes, of which 25 people are patients with atherosclerotic lesions of left coronary artery (LCA), 25 people are with the lesions of right coronary artery (RCA). Exclusion criteria: dilated cardiomyopathy, decompensated valvular defects, arrhythmogenic dysplasia, idiopathic ventricular tachycardia, myocarditis. Research methods: echocardiography, coronary angiography, Holter monitor (24-Hour ECG monitoring), biochemical data. Results and discussion. The tendency to the presence of more pronounced pathological changes of heart rate turbulence due to an increase of turbulence slope, dominance of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system against the background of a significantly larger number of paired ventricular extrasystoles have been revealed in the group of patients with atherosclerotic lesions of LCA. That reflects organic and functional changes in the myocardium. The absence of significant changes in the duration and dispersion of the QT interval of the compared groups confirmed the low informativeness of these criteria in the prediction of the VA. The significantly lower value of interventricular septum thickness, left ventricular myocardial mass, and larger size of the right ventricle (0.15 ms) have been revealed along with the above mentioned changes in the group due to the slightly different course of the AH, myocardial remodeling processes. However, more significant changes in the lipid profile, in particular an increase in the level of total cholesterol and blood triglycerides have been registered in the group of patients with PCA. Conclusion. The more pronounced pathological shift of heart rate turbulence due to the increase of turbulence slope up to 4.4 ms/RR on the background of more paired ventricular extrasystoles has been determined in the defeat of the LCA. The significantly lower value of interventricular septum thickness, left ventricular myocardial mass, and larger size of the right ventricular have been observed in the group of patients with atherosclerotic lesions of the LCA in comparison with group of patients with lesions of the PCA

Features of laboratory indices in workers of chemical production with occupational skin diseases

Changes of haematological and biochemical indices depending on the nosological entities of occupational diseases and the gender were analyzed in workers of chemical complex. Changes of these indices depending on the gender identity were revealed in workers with skin hyperkeratinization at the conduction of medical examination. Eosinophilia, lymphocytosis and leukopenia were revelaed in men with hyperkeratinization, increase of hemoglobin quantity and leukopenia were revealed in women with hyperkeratinization. There were no differences depending on the gender in patients with skin cancer

Mechanisms of interacting <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> with gastric mucosal epithelium. II. A reaction of gastric epithelium on <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> colonization and persistence

Gastric and duodenal recurrent inflammatory diseases have a high prevalence, but the role played by microbes in its development remained unclear. However, the data published in 1983 by Marshall and Warren about isolating Helicobacter pylori from the stomach mucosa of the patient with gastritis and proposing relevant cultivation methods was the turning point in investigating etiology of the upper digestive tract inflammatory disorders. Moreover, it was shown that the majority of H. pylori spp. are found within the gastric lumen upon colonization, whereas around 20% of them are attached to the epithelial cells in the stomach. In addition, effects of interacting H. pylori with gastric epithelium and activation of some defense mechanisms due to bacterial colonization and spreading were analyzed. It was found that along with triggering pro-inflammatory response induced by proteins VacA as well as phosphorylated/unphosphorylated CagA, wherein the latter is able to induce a set of protective reactions H. pylori disrupts intercellular contacts, affects epithelial cell polarity and proliferation, and activates SHP-2 phosphatase resulting in emerging diverse types of cellular responses. The activation mechanisms for the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway were discussed. The ability of H. pylori to regulate apoptosis, particularly via its suppression, by expressing ERK kinase and protein MCL1 facilitating bacterial survival in the gastric mucosa as well as beneficial effects related to bacterial circulation on gastric epithelial cell survival elicited by anti-apoptotic factors were also examined. Of note, persistence of H. pylori are mainly determined by activating transcriptional factors including NF-κB, NFAT, SRF, T-cell lymphoid enhancing factor (TCF/LEF), regulating activity of MCL1 protein, in turn, being one of the main anti-apoptotic factors, as well as induced production of the migration inhibitory factor (MIF). The role of VacA cytotoxin in triggering epithelial cell apoptosis via caspase-mediated pathways was also considered. Infection with H. pylori is accompanied by release of proinflammatory cytokine cocktail detected both in vitro and in vivo. In particular, bacterial urease activating transcriptional factor NF-κB was shown to play a crucial role in inducing cytokine production. Moreover, such signaling pathways may be activated after H. pylori is attached to the cognate receptor in the gastric epithelial surface by interacting with CD74 and MHC class II molecules. Finally, a role for various CD4+ T cell subsets, particularly type 17 T helper cells (Th17) in inducing immune response against H. pylori antigens in gastric mucosa was revealed were also discussed

Effect of Solid Dispersions on the Dissolution of Ampicillin

© 2016, Springer Science+Business Media New York.In this work, we studied water solubility of ampicillin trihydrate and its solid dispersions (SD) with polyethylene glycol-1500, polyvinylpyrrolidone-10000, and β-cyclodextrin. It was found that SD formation increases the solubility by a factor of 1.34–1.73 and the rate of ampicillin dissolution by a factor of 3.43–7.40. The results of complex physicochemical studies suggest that the improved release of ampicillin from SD is due to its micronization and solubilization by the polymer

FEATURES OF HEART RATE REGULATION IN ADOLESCENTS WITH ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION

Cardiointervalography is an important method of analyzing the regulation of heart rate variability, which allows evaluating the balance of the entire spectrum of humoral-metabolic and vegetative effects, both in condition of physiological rest and in various functional tests. It is noted that in hypertensive patients, in most cases, there is a chronic predominance of ergotrophic metabolic reactions that reflect the system tension in the regulatory mechanisms. The aim of our study was to conduct a comparative analysis of the features of the mechanisms of heart rate regulation in adolescents with confirmed essential hypertension and their healthy age mates. Material and methods. The study involved 50 adolescents (12–16 years of age) – 26 boys and 24 girls with labile essential hypertension (EHT) and stage 1 HT on the background of the standard medical correction of blood pressure (enalapril 0,58 mg/kg per day). Each participant of the study and control group underwent recording of at least 512 cardio cycles in the state of physiological rest in a sitting position, as well as registration of blood pressure. Results and discussion. We have found that for adolescents with EHT a significantly lower (by 15 %) average duration of the heart cycle is typical in combination with a decrease in the variation range, which indicates some rigidity of the heart rate regulatory mechanisms. The relative decrease in the proportion of high-frequency spectrum components in comparison with the low-frequency and very low-frequency ranges in adolescents with hypertension also indicated a tendency to predominance of sympathicotonic effects with the predominant involvement of the structures of the diencephalic region and the brain stem. At the same time blood pressure inversely correlated with the index of the variation range of cardiointervals, reflecting the lower adaptive potential of the heart rate regulation mechanisms. Conclusion. We have found regular changes in the regulation of heart rate in adolescents with hypertension, that can be taken as markers of its progressive development and used by clinicians to develop more personalized approaches to medication treatment

The role of the CNTNAP2 gene in the development of Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder in which genetic and environmental factors interact in its development. Research suggests that the contactin associated protein 2 (CNTNAP2) gene may play a role in ASD pathophysiology, yet more studies involving human participants and animal models of autism are needed. One such model may be the use of prenatal valproic acid (VPA) model to induce autism-like behaviors in offspring rats. The aim of this study was twofold: (1) to examine the association of the CNTNAP2 gene rs2710102 variant with ASD in children; and (2) to examine the effect of prenatal exposure to VPA on Cntnap2 gene expression in the rat brain. The study included 167 children of European ancestry—81 diagnosed with ASD (20 girls, 61 boys; age 4.9±1.4 years) and 86 controls (44 girls, 42 boys; 5.1±1.2 years). In vivo experiments were conducted in 80 rats (40 with the VPA model of autism), with Cntnap2 gene expression analysis in the amygdala, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and cerebellum. Results demonstrated that the frequency of the CNTNAP2 gene rs2710102 GG genotype was significantly higher in children with ASD when compared with controls (33.3 vs 19.8%; OR=2.03, 95%CI [1.004, 4.102], p = 0.035), although, potentially due to bias in cohort selection, in the ASD children this polymorphism did not meet Hardy-Weinberg expectations (χ2 =5.40, p = 0.02). In addition, Cntnap2 gene expression was significantly lower (p < 0.01) in the amygdala and hippocampus of VPA rats when compared with controls, regardless of sex. These results support previous research and provide evidence for the CNTNAP2 gene as a risk factor for AS

Self-assembling systems based on amphiphilic alkyltriphenylphosphonium bromides: Elucidation of the role of head group

A systematic study of the aggregation behavior of alkyltriphenylphosphonium bromides (TPPB-n; n=8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18; here n is the number of carbon atoms in alkyl groups) in aqueous solutions has been carried out and compared with trimethyl ammonium bromides (TMAB-n). Critical micelle concentrations (cmcs) of TPPB-n and TMAB-n decrease with the number of carbon atoms with the slope parameter of ca.0.3. The low cmcs and effective solubilization power toward Orange OT indicate high micellization capacity of phosphonium surfactants. The low counterion binding parameter β is revealed for TPPB-10 and TPPB-12, while high counterion binding of ≥80% is observed for high TPPB-n homologs. Values of the surface potential ψ calculated on the basis of pK a shifts of p-nitrophenols is similar for both series and monotonously increase with alkyl chain length. Several points indicate non-monotonic changes within TPPB-n series. There are peculiarities of the tensiometry and solubilization plots for high homologs and above mentioned increases in counterion binding on transiting from low to high molecular weight surfactants. Differences in aggregation behavior between TPPB and TMAB series and between low and high homologs can be due to the specific structural character of the TPP + cation, which is supported by X-ray data. © 2011 Elsevier Inc

Canagliflozin: from glycemic control to improvement of cardiovascular and renal prognosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Resolution of Advisory Board

Inhibitors of the sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 (SGLT2i) are a modern class of antihyperglycemic drugs with an insulin-independent mechanism of action. Due to its ability to effectively lower blood glucose levels, improve a number of other cardiometabolic parameters (body weight, blood pressure, uric acid), as well as reduce cardiovascular and renal risks, SGLT2i have become drugs of choice for many of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Meanwhile, along with the generally recognized classes-effects of this group of drugs, there are intragroup features, including those associated with their different selectivity in sodium-glucose cotransporters of types 1 and 2 (SGLT1 and SGLT 2). For example, one of the most studied SGLT2i, canagliflozin, in addition to its inhibitory activity against SGLT2, can also moderately block SGLT1 in the intestine and kidneys that could give a maximum efficiency in the control glycemia and others cardiometabolic parameters. In addition, canagliflozin improves not only cardiovascular, but also renal prognosis in patients with T2DM, which is reflected in the corresponding indications in the summary of product characteristics of the drug. This document summarize the established and new data regarding the efficacy and safety of canagliflozin, as well as its place in the treatment of T2DM

Approaches to the therapy of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Resolution of an online meeting of the Volga Federal District experts

At an online meeting of experts held on May 14, 2021 additional research results on a sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor empagliflozin in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction were considered. According to the data from the EMPEROR-Reduced international study, cardiovascular and renal effects of empagliflozin therapy in patients with and without type 2 diabetes (T2D) were analyzed. A number of proposals and recommendations was accepted regarding the further study of cardiovascular and renal effects of empagliflozin and its use in clinical practice in patients with heart failure, regardless of the T2D presence