The project of Hejaz railway construction : a historical and historiographic review

One of the last attempts to raise the prestige of the Ottoman caliphate during the reign of Abdul Hamid II was the initiative of the Sultan in the construction of the Hejaz railway, which was to provide an easier and a faster access for pilgrims to the shrines of Mecca and Medina. At the end of the 19th century, as well as during several previous centuries, the main link between the Ottoman administration and the Hejaz residents were the gifts and the donations from the Sultan of the Caliph to religious figures, the sheikhs of the tribes and the population of sacred cities. Of course, such a grandiose construction could aggravate the financial debts of the Ottoman Empire, but, according to preliminary calculations, the road had to pay off, and besides, to glorify Abdul Hamid II. In this regard, the goals and the objectives of this study are to analyze the official ideology of the Ottoman Empire and ideological projects implemented in practice during the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II in the form of influence on the social-political situation in the Ottoman Empire, as well as the influence of Islamic unity ideas on Muslims embodied in practice by the carrying out the propaganda campaign for the implementation of the Hijaz railway construction project.peer-reviewe

The problem of transboundary water resources in China-Kazakhstan relations

The urgency of the problem under study is conditioned by modern international political realities: in a short time, China has become one of the world leaders with huge foreign policy ambitions, and Kazakhstan is one of the leading states of Central Asia with a great resource and geopolitical potential. The purpose of the article is to consider the issue of common water resources of China and Kazakhstan as the factor of instability in relations between these two countries. The leading approach to the study of this problem is systemic one. The article presents the analysis of joint water use issue concerning the rivers Ili and Irtysh, examines the Chinese and Kazakh positions in this area, the threats that entail the delay of transboundary river problem solution. The materials of the article can be useful for a wide range of researchers for the writing of works in the field of history, oriental studies, international relations and diplomatic centers of Kazakhstan, China and Russia.peer-reviewe

VV124 (UGC4879): A new transitional dwarf galaxy in the periphery of the Local Group

We present the first resolved-star photometry of VV124 (UGC4879) and find that this is the most isolated dwarf galaxy in the periphery of the Local Group. Based on imaging and spectroscopic follow up observations with the 6m BTA telescope, we resolve VV124 into 1560 stars down to the limiting magnitude levels of V~25.6 and I~23.9. The young blue stellar populations and emission gas are found near the core, but noticeably displaced from the center of the galaxy as traced by dominant evolved red stars. The mean radial velocity derived from the spectra of two Blue Supergiant stars, an HII region and unresolved continuum sources is -80+/-10 km/s. The evolved ``red tangle'' stellar populations, which contains the red giant branch (RGB), are identified at large galactocentric radii. We use the I-band luminosity function to determine the distance based on the Tip of RGB method, 1.1+/-0.1 Mpc. This is ~10 times closer than the values usually assumed in the literature, and we provide revised distance dependent parameters. From the mean (V-I) color of the RGB, we estimate the mean metallicity as [Fe/H]~-1.37 dex. Despite of its isolated location, the properties of VV124 are clearly not those of a galaxy in formation, but rather similar to a transitional dIrr/dSph type.Comment: 4 pages, submitted to MNRAS Letter

Concentration of rare earth elements (Sc, y, la, ce, nd, sm) in bauxite residue (red mud) obtained by water and alkali leaching of bauxite sintering dust

One of the potential sources of rare-earth elements (REE) is the industrial waste known as red mud (bauxite residue), in which the majority of REE from the initial bauxite are concentrated via the Bayer process. Therefore, the studies of the subject, both in Russia and outside, focus almost exclusively on red mud processing. This article looks into the possibility of REE concentration into red mud by leaching an intermediate product of the bauxite sintering process at Russian alumina refineries, namely electrostatic precipitator (ESP) dust. The experimental works were performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD)and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) of the sinter and sinter dust. The determination of major and rare-earth elements in the sinter from the rotary kilns and in the ESP dust before and after leaching was carried out by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The study showed that it is possible to obtain red mud that contains three times more REE than traditional waste red mud after two-stage leaching ESP dust in the water at 95◦ C followed by leaching in an alkaline-aluminate liquor at 240◦ C. The shrinking core model was used to study the kinetics of leaching of the original ESP dust and water-treated dust in alkaline-aluminate liquor. The study showed the change in the limiting stage of the alkaline leaching process after water treatment, with the activation energy growing from 24.98 to 33.19 kJ/mol. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Russian Science Foundation, RSF: 18-19-00186Funding: The research was funded by the Russian Science Foundation, grant number 18-19-00186

Kinetics Study of Al Extraction from Desilicated Coal Fly Ash by NaOH at Atmospheric Pressure

The most promising source of alumina in the 21st century is the coal fly ash (CFA) waste of coal-fired thermal plants. The methods of alumina extraction from CFA are often based on the pressure alkaline or acid leaching or preliminary roasting with different additives followed by water leaching. The efficiency of the alumina extraction from CFA under atmospheric pressure leaching is low due to the high content of acid-insoluble alumina phase mullite (3Al2O3·2SiO2). This research for the first time shows the possibility of mullite leaching under atmospheric pressure after preliminary desilication using high liquid to solid ratios (L:S ratio) and Na2O concentration. The analysis of the desilicated CFA (DCFA) chemical and phase composition before and after leaching has been carried out by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The morphology and elemental composition of solid product particles has been carried out by scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). An auto-mated neural network and a shrinking core model (SCM) were used to evaluate experimental data. The Al extraction efficiency from DCFA has been more than 84% at T = 120◦C, leaching time 60 min, the L/S ratio > 20, and concentration of Na2O-400 g L−1. The kinetics analysis by SCM has shown that the surface chemical reaction controls the leaching process rate at T < 110◦C, and, at T > 110◦C after 15 min of leaching, the process is limited by diffusion through the product layer, which can be represented by titanium compounds. According to the SEM-EDX analysis of the solid residue, the magnetite spheres and mullite acicular particles were the main phases that remained after NaOH leaching. The spheric agglomerates of mullite particles with non-porous surface have also been found. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Funding: This work was funded by State Assignment, grant № 075-03-2021-051/5. The method of Al content analysis in CFA by ICP-OES was funded by a Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation scientific topic № 0137-2019-0023

Civil procedure in the cis: Current state and prospect of development

The article contains an analysis of the main provisions of legal regulation of the civil process in the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States. There is revealed the judicial system of each state and interesting features, namely:the Constitutional Court of the Azerbaijan Republic is actually a superior authority to appeal the decisions of the Supreme Court;the new judicial system of Armenia acts on the basis of case law;the new Civil Procedure Code of Kazakhstan includes for the first time on the territory of the former Soviet Union the fixed possibility to appeal to the so-called participatory process along with the mediation;the aqsaqal courts act in the Kyrgyz Republic;a special independent body - the Supreme Council of Magistrates - acts in the Republic of Moldova;in 2014 the judicial reform, which resulted in the abolition of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation and the delegation of its powers and functions to the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, was carried out in the Russian Federation;in the Republic of Tajikistan the persons, who are for the first time submitted to a seat on the bench, may work as a trainee-judge during the year upon a proposal of the examination commission of the Council of Justice of the Republic of Tajikistan;Turkmenistan is the only one member-state of the CIS, which judicial system structure does not include the constitutional court as an institution of judicial review of constitutionality. A compliance with the regulations of the Constitution and laws is defined by the Majlis;the possibility of participation of people's assessors in the administration of justice is retained in the Republic of Uzbekistan

Listening as a method of learning a foreign language at the non-language faculty of the university

© Author(s).Learning a foreign language is becoming an increasingly important with Russia's integration into the world community. In this regard, increased requirements for the educational process and the development of new innovative teaching methods meet the requirements of the time. One of the important aspects of learning a foreign language is listening as a kind of verbal activity. The study showed the importance of the problem of improving the mechanisms for listening in non-language faculties of the university. The article describes the relevant aspects of the difficulties of the process of listening, the essence and the main characteristics of this type of educational process and the criteria for high-quality listening in a non-language high school. The study describes a system of training of listening within the most effective exercises; learning of listening as speech culture; methodology of teaching a foreign language, which is subject to the general requirements of higher education, where listening becomes a part of developing the system of education. The results of the experimental work show the effectiveness of formation of the basic skills of listening as a speech and language in general, the successful development of students of non- language specialties of high school

Microstructure response of cryogenically-rolled Cu-30Zn brass to electric-current pulsing

The effect of transient electric-current pulses (ECP) on the evolution of microstructure and texture of cryogenically-rolled Cu-30Zn brass was determined. The pulsing was shown to lead to recrystallization followed by grain growth. The mean grain size in the recrystallized material was 0.5 μm, thus indicating that cryogenic rolling coupled with ECP is suitable for the production of an ultrafine-grain microstructure in Cu-30Zn brass. The differences in the recrystallization texture in pulsed versus statically-annealed conditions suggested a distinct recrystallization mechanism during ECP

The development of the student as a person of culture in the context of multicultural education in non-language high school by means of a foreign language

© 2016 by iSER, International Society of Educational Research. The article reveals the essence of the phenomenon of multiculturalism in education as the construction of the learning process on the principle of cultural pluralism, contributing to the formation of a multicultural identity through the deliberate creation of a foreign language environment, formed and developed in the subject of multicultural thinking. The study identified and systematized the main approaches to understanding the problems of multicultural education (cultural and ethno-psychological); analyzed its basic principles (humanistic, cultural conformity, multiculturalism, social and evaluative, creativity); isolated components, factors and barriers of multicultural education; defined personality human culture and success criteria for their development in a multicultural educational space of a non- language high school, as well as the criteria for selection of educational material, having based on the study of a foreign language high multicultural potential. As the results of the experimental work proposed in the study, pedagogical conditions justified the thesis of the need to develop the student as a person of culture in a multicultural education in non-language high school

High‐Selective Extraction of Scandium (Sc) from Bauxite Residue (Red Mud) by Acid Leaching with MgSO4

Bauxite residue, also known as red mud (RM), from alumina production is the most promising technogenic material for the production of scandium (Sc) and other rare earth elements (REEs). Conveniently, RM is processed by using a strong acid (pH < 2.5), which lead to co‐dissolution of iron and other undesirable major components. In this work, for the first time, the possibility of selective extraction of scandium from red mud by using highly diluted acid (pH > 4) in the presence of MgSO4 was shown. The effect of temperature (40–80 °C), time (0–60 min), pH (2–5), and the MgSO4 concentration (12–36 g L−1) on Sc extraction efficiency was evaluated. It was shown that Sc extraction was higher than 63% even at a pH of 4, at 80 °C, after 1 h, while more than 80% could be extracted at a pH of 2. Iron extraction reduced from 7.7 to 0.03% by increasing the pH from 2 to 4. The kinetics study using the shrinking core model (SCM) has shown that diffusion through a product layer is a rate‐limiting stage of the process at high temperatures (>60 °C) and low pH (<3), whereas, at lower temperatures and higher pH values, the leaching rate is limited by diffusion through the liquid film. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.This work was funded by State Assignment, grant no. 075-03-2021-051/5 (FEUZ-2021-0017). The method for determining the content of REEs in the solution after leaching by ICP-MS was funded by the Project of the State Assignment (Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, № FMUS-2019-24)