6 research outputs found

    Desarrollo tecnológico en ingeniería automotriz

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    El proceso de investigación y desarrollo tecnológico está directamente relacionado con una adecuada metodología de procesos industriales, que cada vez son más exigentes en competitividad, eficiencia energética y de normativas ambientales. Este libro contempla resultados de un proceso de investigación y desarrollo de nuevas técnicas aplicadas en el campo de la Ingeniería Automotriz desde cuatro aristas: eficiencia energética y contaminación ambiental, planificación del transporte, ingeniería del mantenimiento aplicada al transporte y desagregación tecnológica. Este libro conmemora 20 años de formación universitaria salesiana en el sector de transporte y recoge las experiencias y resultados obtenidos asociados con el desarrollo tecnológico en ingeniería automotriz. Para lograr este objetivo, se ha convocado a la comunidad científica, académica y profesionales de la industria automotriz a participar en la publicación. Cada capítulo fue sometido a revisión, evaluación y aprobación por un comité científico altamente calificado, proveniente de seis países: Colombia, Ecuador, España, Guinea Ecuatorial, México y Venezuela. Este trabajo ha sido posible gracias al gran apoyo de la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana (UPS sede Cuenca), Ecuador y Universidad de Los Andes (ULA)

    Elaboración de un recubrimiento comestible para frutas formulado a base de una emulsión de almidón de papa y aceite vegetal inocuo para el consumidor

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    El desarrollo y la utilización de recubrimientos para frutas y hortalizas son prácticas llevadas a cabo desde muchos años atrás para alargar la vida útil post cosecha de estos productos alimenticios. Generalmente, los recubrimientos a base de ceras son los mayormente usados, con la característica de que los mismos influyen notablemente en el sabor del producto, y de ahí la necesidad de generar un método de conservación de frutas que no modifique las propiedades sensoriales de las mismas y resulte inocuo para el consumo humano. Actualmente existe un importante interés por el uso de recubrimientos comestibles con aplicaciones más específicas, en respuesta a la creciente demanda de los consumidores de productos de calidad y vida útil prolongada. Por ello, dentro de la presente investigación se desarrolló un recubrimiento comestible a base de una emulsión entre un polisacárido como el almidón de papa, por ser un componente abundante de bajo costo de producción, así como por su facilidad de formar películas; y un aceite vegetal como el aceite girasol para dar mayor adherencia al recubrimiento y reducir las pérdidas de humedad del fruto. Se ha establecido, además, una propuesta para la producción de un recubrimiento comestible para la preservación específica de fresas (frutillas), a partir de que las mismas son frutas no climatéricas, las cuales tienen una vida post cosecha muy corta debido a su alta actividad metabólica, lo que las hace susceptibles de deterioro; por consiguiente, se logró aumentar la vida útil del alimento en un 60 % durante el almacenamiento sin que esto repercuta en la alteración de sus características sensoriales e inocuidad alimentaria

    Chemical Characteristics and Identification of PM10 Sources in Two Lima Districts, Peru

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    This study evaluates the concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 and identification of source in the districts of San Juan de Lurigancho and Puente Piedra (PPD) in Lima-Peru. The samples were collected from April to May 2017 by the National Meteorology and Hydrology Service of Peru (Senamhi). The concentration of PM10 and PM2.5, measured by gravimetric techniques, exceeded the international (WHO) and national standards; with maximum values for PM10 and PM2.5 of 160 and 121.56 µg/ m3 in PPD and 295.06 and 154.58 µg/ m3 in SJL. Identification of sources by the Positive Matrix Factorization Model (PMF 5.0) and Principal Component Analysis (ACP), showed similar sources for both districts. In SJL, the combination of vehicular traffic and resuspension of soil dust, marine aerosol and iron and steel industry was determined, while in PPD the resuspension of soil dust, vehicular source, industrial activity and marine aerosol.El presente estudio evalúa la concentración de PM10 y PM2.5 e identifica las fuentes contaminantes en los distritos de San Juan de Lurigancho (SJL) y Puente Piedra (PPD), Lima-Perú. Las muestras fueron colectadas por el servicio nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología del Perú en Abril a mayo del 2017. La concentración de PM10 y PM2.5, registradas a través de técnicas gravimétricas, excedieron el estándar internacional (OMS) y nacional; encontrándose valores máximos para PM10 y PM2.5 de 160 y 121.56 µg/ m3 en PPD y 295.06 y 154.58 µg/ m3 en SJL. La identificación de fuentes contaminantes para PM10 y PM2.5, obtenidas mediante el Modelo de Factorización de Matriz Positiva (PMF v. 5.0) y análisis por componentes principales (ACP), mostraron fuentes similares para ambos. En SJL se determinó la combinación de tráfico vehicular + resuspensión de polvo de suelo, aerosol marino e industria de hierro y acero; mientras que, en PPD se logró identificar la resuspensión de polvo del suelo, fuente vehicular, actividad industrial y aerosol marino

    Efficacy and safety of the CVnCoV SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine candidate in ten countries in Europe and Latin America (HERALD): a randomised, observer-blinded, placebo-controlled, phase 2b/3 trial

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    Background: Additional safe and efficacious vaccines are needed to control the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to analyse the efficacy and safety of the CVnCoV SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine candidate. Methods: HERALD is a randomised, observer-blinded, placebo-controlled, phase 2b/3 clinical trial conducted in 47 centres in ten countries in Europe and Latin America. By use of an interactive web response system and stratification by country and age group (18–60 years and ≥61 years), adults with no history of virologically confirmed COVID-19 were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive intramuscularly either two 0·6 mL doses of CVnCoV containing 12 μg of mRNA or two 0·6 mL doses of 0·9% NaCl (placebo) on days 1 and 29. The primary efficacy endpoint was the occurrence of a first episode of virologically confirmed symptomatic COVID-19 of any severity and caused by any strain from 15 days after the second dose. For the primary endpoint, the trial was considered successful if the lower limit of the CI was greater than 30%. Key secondary endpoints were the occurrence of a first episode of virologically confirmed moderate-to-severe COVID-19, severe COVID-19, and COVID-19 of any severity by age group. Primary safety outcomes were solicited local and systemic adverse events within 7 days after each dose and unsolicited adverse events within 28 days after each dose in phase 2b participants, and serious adverse events and adverse events of special interest up to 1 year after the second dose in phase 2b and phase 3 participants. Here, we report data up to June 18, 2021. The study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04652102, and EudraCT, 2020–003998–22, and is ongoing. Findings: Between Dec 11, 2020, and April 12, 2021, 39 680 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive either CVnCoV (n=19 846) or placebo (n=19 834), of whom 19 783 received at least one dose of CVnCoV and 19 746 received at least one dose of placebo. After a mean observation period of 48·2 days (SE 0·2), 83 cases of COVID-19 occurred in the CVnCoV group (n=12 851) in 1735·29 person-years and 145 cases occurred in the placebo group (n=12 211) in 1569·87 person-years, resulting in an overall vaccine efficacy against symptomatic COVID-19 of 48·2% (95·826% CI 31·0–61·4; p=0·016). Vaccine efficacy against moderate-to-severe COVID-19 was 70·7% (95% CI 42·5–86·1; CVnCoV 12 cases in 1735·29 person-years, placebo 37 cases in 1569·87 person-years). In participants aged 18–60 years, vaccine efficacy against symptomatic disease was 52·5% (95% CI 36·2–64·8; CVnCoV 71 cases in 1591·47 person-years, placebo, 136 cases in 1449·23 person-years). Too few cases occurred in participants aged 61 years or older (CVnCoV 12, placebo nine) to allow meaningful assessment of vaccine efficacy. Solicited adverse events, which were mostly systemic, were more common in CVnCoV recipients (1933 [96·5%] of 2003) than in placebo recipients (1344 [67·9%] of 1978), with 542 (27·1%) CVnCoV recipients and 61 (3·1%) placebo recipients reporting grade 3 solicited adverse events. The most frequently reported local reaction after any dose in the CVnCoV group was injection-site pain (1678 [83·6%] of 2007), with 22 grade 3 reactions, and the most frequently reported systematic reactions were fatigue (1603 [80·0%] of 2003) and headache (1541 [76·9%] of 2003). 82 (0·4%) of 19 783 CVnCoV recipients reported 100 serious adverse events and 66 (0·3%) of 19 746 placebo recipients reported 76 serious adverse events. Eight serious adverse events in five CVnCoV recipients and two serious adverse events in two placebo recipients were considered vaccination-related. None of the fatal serious adverse events reported (eight in the CVnCoV group and six in the placebo group) were considered to be related to study vaccination. Adverse events of special interest were reported for 38 (0·2%) participants in the CVnCoV group and 31 (0·2%) participants in the placebo group. These events were considered to be related to the trial vaccine for 14 (<0·1%) participants in the CVnCoV group and for five (<0·1%) participants in the placebo group. Interpretation: CVnCoV was efficacious in the prevention of COVID-19 of any severity and had an acceptable safety profile. Taking into account the changing environment, including the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, and timelines for further development, the decision has been made to cease activities on the CVnCoV candidate and to focus efforts on the development of next-generation vaccine candidates. Funding: German Federal Ministry of Education and Research and CureVac

    Safety and tolerability of subcutaneous trastuzumab for the adjuvant treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive early breast cancer: SafeHer phase III study's primary analysis of 2573 patients

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